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1、杭州“休闲之都”的文化背景初探周永广摘要:杭州在着力打造“东方休闲之都”的形象,并将在2006年举办世界休闲博览会。本文试图描述杭州作为“休闲之都”的文化背景,并建议以此为出发点,打造杭州市完整的旅游形象和城市形象,进一步提升杭州市旅游业的核心竞争力。关键词:旅游形象 杭州 西湖 茶文化 禅宗一、休闲旅游时代杭州的旅游形象和城市形象杭州自古繁华,马可波罗曾赞叹她是世界上最华丽高贵的城市。由于西湖已有4000多年的历史,其造园艺术在世界造园史上独树一帜,人文景观与自然景观融为一体;唐代白居易、宋代苏轼写下了许多赞美西湖的诗篇,杭州历代以来西湖和山水融合了文人墨客的足迹和典故,使西湖具有了极高的历
2、史文化含量。由于杭州同时也是世界茶文化的主要发源地之一,自古以来杭州茶消费的氛围独具地方特色,清干隆帝游江南均到龙井赏茶,中国惟一以茶文化为主题的博物馆中国茶叶博物馆也坐落在杭州,因此,杭州市2003年上报国内有关部门,进入世界遗产预备清单的就是“西湖龙井茶”捆绑项目。历史发展到今天,有关杭州城市形象的现代描述也已经有很多,如“人间天堂”、“爱情之都”、“美感之都”、“休闲之都”、“快乐杭州”等,但似乎还没有一个涵盖面广、为大众所接受的概念性口号。这一方面说明杭州城市文化丰富多彩,难以概括,另一方面也说明文化形态分散,还缺乏较好的整合)楼含松等,杭州旅游与文化创新整合研究课题子报告之一国内外文
3、化旅游比较研究,2004,02)。近年来环西湖的建设也显示,有关部门对西湖“遗产价值”尚处于零碎、片面的认识阶段。近年来有些历史文化景观整治工作立意不高,还缺乏一个中心灵魂。如雷峰塔的电梯,西湖南线的欧式建筑和广场,柏油马路的苏白二堤等等。仅靠名人遗迹、园林设计是无法支撑起西湖的巨大价值的。因此,重新审视与整合杭州的旅游文化资源,给杭州的旅游形象和城市形象定位,是对杭州旅游资源和人文资源,对历史文化资源和现代城市文化发展的一种梳理和整理。进行有创意的、规范化、大力度的宣传和推介,是打造杭州旅游国际知名品牌,传播杭州旅游文化新形象的一个关键环节)许小冬,杭州旅游文化发展座谈会发言,2003,05
4、)。而杭州旅游文化新形象又反过来引导杭州旅游和城市文化的发展,甚至是城市建设和发展的方向。二、佛教禅宗和杭州图1 禅宗的历史回忆杭州2000多年的历史,有一条红线若隐若现,就是发源于五代的宗教文化,尤其是从唐代以来发扬光大的佛教禅宗。佛教禅思想产生于印度,又从印度发展至中国,在融汇印中两国文化要素的基础上形成了一个独立的佛教宗派即禅宗,对印中两国的佛教以至其它宗教的发展影响极大。它由最初的控制人的感官活动,使人摆脱外界干扰、心神安宁的精神修持方式,发展成为一种体悟真理的方式,一种思维方式,是信奉者的一种体悟真理或最高实在的方法,是其获得神通,获得功德,获得智能,获得解脱的方法。禅思想的历史发展
5、是越来越和佛教的其它学说密切结合,特别是注重把禅定与对事物的实相或最高实在的体悟结合起来。而且,在佛教中,逐步把对事物的实相或最高实在的体悟看成是最高层次的禅的境界)姚卫群,佛教禅思想的形成发展及主要特点,中国禅学第一卷,中华书局,2002)。 禅宗是印度佛教同中国道教精神结合形成的、最能表现中国文化特色的佛教。禅宗是我国历史文化的一座高峰,对东亚文化的影响深远。“禅”不仅在古代东方为人们所重视,而且在当代被世界上许多地区的人们所喜爱,在大量佛教寺庙中仍是僧众的基本修持手段,同时也被众多普通人作为一种修身养性的锻炼方式。杭州和禅宗的关系历史远自东晋,灵隐寺原名“云林禅寺”,是我国佛教禅宗十刹之
6、一;始建于五代的净慈寺为禅宗五山之一,永明寿禅师(904975)在此撰写被誉为宋代两部巨著之一的宗镜录(另一部为司马光的资治通鉴)。两寺与日本佛教关系密切,近代则有弘一、南怀瑾等禅宗大师辈出。另一个重要佐证是茶文化。禅宗和茶文化在意境上的高度统一,有所谓“茶禅味”的哲理。西湖和龙井茶捆绑申报的意义,不仅是龙井茶在中国和世界的地位、茶圣陆羽在杭州径山着茶经等历史,更在于历史上禅宗和茶文化相互影响、相互促进。而“吃茶去”这一禅林法语所暗藏的丰富禅机,成为茶文化发展史上的思想精蕴)赖功欧,儒释道与中国茶文化,茶理玄思,光明日报出版社,1999)。一方面许多名茶出自禅林寺院,中国的茶文化以其特有的方式
7、体现了禅宗的“禅风禅骨”;另一方面,禅佛在茶的种植、饮茶习俗的推广、饮茶形式传播及美学境界的提升诸方面贡献巨大,直接造成了中国茶文化的兴盛,推动了以龙井茶为代表的中国茶文化在东亚地区的传播。三、禅宗美学和杭州文化禅宗提倡心性本净、讲究空灵。中国文化从隋、唐以后,接受融会禅宗的禅境,中国美学传统中最为核心的范畴“境界”正是因此而诞生。“境界”以极其精致、细腻、丰富、空灵的精神体验,重新塑造了中国人的审美经验,并把中国人的审美活动推向成熟)潘知常,禅宗的美学智能,南京大学学报, 2000年3期.)。从唐宋以来,禅宗美学要求自由、解脱、空灵的环境,要求顿悟的方法,要求与自然浑然合一、思与境偕的意境,
8、对我国古代的士大夫和诗词、书画、音乐、造园等艺术影响深远。禅宗说法,常常引用俗话村言,妙语如珠,使庄严肃穆、神圣不可侵犯的佛经奥义,变为轻松诙谐,这是佛学平实化的革新。禅宗与平民文学结为不解之缘,影响了唐宋代文学诗词的格调)南怀瑾,禅宗与道家第三章“禅宗概要”,1978。),如杭州历史名人白居易的浅近、苏东坡的清华绝俗。禅宗的上述性格,以及生动活泼的特质和江南山水的个性恰好相契合,逐渐塑造了杭州的城市性格,即这种性格至今仍然活生生地植根于地域文化之中,也使杭州发展成为中国的浪漫之都、诗意城市。同时,艺术与日常生活的互动和自然结合,至今仍是杭州人努力追求和热爱的生活方式。无论书画、诗词、茶艺、才
9、女、古琴等士大夫文化,还是丝绸、陶瓷、建筑、雕刻等民间工艺,无一不与禅宗的审美观有千丝万缕的联系。西湖就是在这种传统美学思想下,经千百年塑造出来的完美造化。西湖的风景,不仅仅是崇尚自然、追求人与自然的和谐统一;更在于西湖展示了禅宗美学的空灵,展示了中国人的最高美学意境。直至今日,杭州和谐大气的文化积淀,精致婉约的城市气质,具有“艺术的生活化和生活的艺术化”的城市特点。杭州随处可见艺术家的足迹和留痕,这种艺术的特点主要是集古今各朝代各时期、集雅俗各类文墨艺人、集欣赏、实用和休闲为一体的艺术与生活。艺术与日常生活的互动和自然结合是杭州人一直热爱和努力追求的生活方式)潘一禾,“杭州旅游,我用什幺给你
10、定位”,都市快报,2003.05.10)。杭州这种自然与人类的和谐,生活与艺术的融合,仍然是禅宗美学的自然延续。四、杭州旅游形象和城市形象的整合在此,笔者认为,唯一能反映杭州1000多年来的地域文化特色,统领西湖风光、龙井茶和相关遗迹遗址,在国际上具有深远影响的文化现象,是佛教禅宗。西湖“文化遗产”的核心内容,来源于西湖在中国社会化的景观文化中所深厚积淀的美的特质,无论湖山之间还是街头巷尾,都应该浸润着一种与自然环境水乳交融的文化传统。这种特质使西湖成为中国传统湖泊型景观文化的经典,也是西湖作为惟一性的文化资源而应当受到保护的足够理由) 王宁,“遗产,不变的美”,促进西湖申报世界遗产系列报道之
11、四,浙江市场导报,1999.1.16)。西湖也为禅宗所描述的具有中国传统的最高美学意境(“境界”)提供了最完美的物证。宗教文化和相关遗迹、建筑是世界文化遗产中最大的一块,宗教旅游也是旅游业中份额最大的产业。在国际旅游市场上推出“禅都”品牌,从西湖到灵隐的建设上恢复历史上的众多禅院,大力发展宗教旅游,是杭州国际旅游跳跃式发展的重要途径。别人“学不到、偷不去、拿不走、拆不开的”杭州禅文化和茶文化,是杭州国际旅游的核心竞争力。大力宣传杭州“禅都”的形象,推荐杭州人的生活方式(“生活的天堂”),也是展示杭州-中国历史上的南部文化中心所必需的历史厚度。无须讳言,由于对历史挖掘不够深入,西湖申报世界遗产工
12、作停滞不前,浙江省至今没有一个世界遗产。对禅宗美学和杭州文化的思考,对推动“西湖龙井茶”申报世界遗产工作也是一个促进。作者简介:周永广(1967),男,安徽黄山人,浙江大学旅游学院讲师,规划学博士,研究方向:旅游资源开发与规划,E-mail:eikou67,联系电话:0571-88212740。Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from torn
13、adoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon a
14、nd the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the star
15、s.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas
16、 movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I wa
17、tched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a
18、 leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the parti
19、ally filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappo
20、intment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role
21、in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. I
22、t will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.Th
23、e balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom
24、 of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the
25、speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachu
26、te that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have
27、 a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).I
28、t might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.