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1、总第 621 期热点关注现有轧辊市场形势初探高须科（中钢邢台冶金机械轧辊股份有限公司，河北省 054001）摘 要：轧辊厂应充分考虑客观和主观条件，依据自己的财力、人才情况和对市场的切实调查，充分利用国内市场地域资源和劳 动力成本低的优势，不断扩大国产轧辊在国内市场所占份额，定出本企业的发展战略和产品定位，进行投入和技术改造，创出自 己的名牌产品，占领市场份额。关键词：轧辊厂； 产品的开发中图分类号：TG333.17文献标识码：A文章编号：1006- 3315(2010)6- 145- 001一、轧辊市场现状近年来，现有轧机装备的更新换代不仅为国内轧辊业开辟 了新的轧辊市场，同时也给轧辊制造企
2、业提出了新的要求。由于 现有大型铸造轧辊制造厂的技术及装备改造并未与轧机的更新 换代同步，因此近年来，大型中厚板轧机使用的铸钢支撑辊和铸 铁工作辊，部分冷、热轧带钢轧机用的支撑辊，大型 H 型钢轧机 用的水平辊，以及某些轧制有色金属用的轧辊等，大量依靠进 口。二、新产品的开发轧辊技术研究开发能力是指通过技术创新掌握自主知识产 权的能力，其直接体现在新产品、新工艺的开发能力和轧辊使用 方面的研究能力。在这些方面，现有轧辊制造企业尤其是铸造轧 辊厂与国外先进轧辊制造厂仍有较大差距。1轧辊新材质和新工艺的研究高速钢轧辊采用钨、钼进行合金化，具有共晶碳化物和二次 硬化的回火马氏体基体组织，开发于 20
3、 世纪 8090 年代，初期主要用作带钢热连轧中前部精轧机的工作辊。第 2 代高速钢轧 辊选用了钒进行合金化，虽然高硬度的 VC 型碳化物的抗磨损性能很好，但在轧制过程中，相对弱的基体组织磨损较快。近年 来，具有良好的轧辊表面磨损模式和致密氧化层的第 3、第 4 代高速钢轧辊在进一步调整成分后陆续问世，并获得了优异的轧 制效果。在轧辊制造工艺方面，铸造轧辊仍以常规铸造法和离心铸 造法为主要生产方法，而锻造轧辊仍采用传统的锻造整体钢锭 或电渣重熔钢锭的工艺路线。但是，新的轧辊制造技术也在不断开发中，已投入工业性生产的有连续浇注复合法，在日本已应用 了多年；液态金属电渣熔接法在乌克兰用于制造带钢热
4、连轧机的工作辊，比利时 MK 厂还用这种方法生产复合半高速钢冷轧 工作辊。2轧辊品种的系列化和个性化轧机类型、机架状况、水冷条件和轧制工艺等因素对轧辊使 用的影响很大，为此，很多现代轧辊厂都建立了包括这些重要数据的用户档案。针对轧辊的使用条件和失效方式进行合金成分设计，并对轧辊材质、硬度、显微组织和应力状态采用严格的“量 化”控制，促使各类轧辊材质的系列化，以满足不同轧机的“个性”要求。如国外一些轧辊制造企业细分出抗剥落型、抗热裂型 及抗磨损型等轧辊类型，满足了不同轧机使用条件的需要。另 外，除了对轧辊进行常规性能检测以外，显微图像分析仪、残余奥氏体分析仪、超声波探伤仪、涡流探伤仪和其他微观检
5、测仪器 都已成为轧辊在线检测必备的工具。3轧辊使用的研究加强轧辊使用方面的研究，包括优化轧制制度、完善轧机冷 却条件、合理编制换辊周期和轧辊修磨制度等。某热轧带钢厂使用热轧润滑油后，精轧机轧辊磨损量下降了 1/2；安装新的带钢冷却系统后，可使轧制温度低于 900，带钢表面氧化生成软质 氧化物 FeO，而不是原来高温下形成的 Fe3O4 型氧化物，从而使 轧制摩擦系数减小，轧制力下降，轧辊磨损减少。在轧辊使用的研究中，冷却水对轧辊使用寿命的影响越来 越受到重视。冷却水流量、水压和冷却水系统设计的合理性，已 成为保证高硬度优质轧辊充分发挥其耐磨性和效益的必要措 施。三、轧辊企业的制造能力严格的管理
6、是获得质量好、性能稳定和成品率高的轧辊的 保证。轧辊生产的质量管理主要包括：原材料、冶炼、铸造或锻 造、热处理和机加工各工序过程参数的严格量化管理，以及工序 之间和成品轧辊的检测。除了早已普及的计算机管理以外，熔炼 过程、离心浇注过程、热处理过程的计算机控制在国外轧辊厂已 得到了广泛的应用。四、市场推广能力市场推广能力是指轧辊生产厂家将自己的产品通过特定的 营销方式迅速推向用户并拿回货款的能力。目前，低档次的铸造 轧辊早已供大于求，而大型优质轧辊也因国外厂家在质量和价 格上的优势给国内轧辊企业带来很大的威胁和压力，竞争日趋 激烈。现在越来越多的轧钢厂通过招标方式采购优质、低价轧 辊，并要求得到
7、轧辊“终身服务”的承诺，即从轧辊上轧机使用到 报废 (正常或事故)，在轧辊整个服役期间为轧钢厂提供相关服 务。综上所述，现有轧辊生产企业在市场竞争的 3 个方面与国 外相比均存在很大的差距。对大型冷、热带铸造轧辊制造厂来 说，面对国外轧辊的大量进入，首先要加大投入，采用最新的装 备和工艺，包括引进某些关键设备和工艺技术以及管理软件，才 可能在最短的时间内生产出满足新的现代化轧机要求的优质大 型轧辊。从长远来看，要发现人才，培养人才，加大新产品开发力 度，加强自主创新，才能使企业具有国际竞争力。数量众多的资 金有限的中、小型铸造轧辊厂，将面临优胜劣汰的生存竞争，其 产品属于劳动力密集型产品，进口
8、轧辊价格相对较高，更多的竞 争来自国内生产厂家。现有轧辊厂在充分利用国内市场地域资源和劳动力成本低 的优势，不断扩大国产轧辊在国内市场所占份额的同时，还应学 习国际规范和行业守则，勇于创新，参与国际贸易，增强国产轧 辊在国际市场的竞争力。参考文献：1俞誓达，陈菡我国轧辊业现状及发展中应重视的问题J. 钢铁，2007，(07) 2翟广泉.论我国轧辊制造与发展J.冶金信息导刊.2006，(01) 3刘均贤，韩静涛冶金工业的发展及其对冶金轧辊的需求J. 大型铸锻件，2006，(04)作者简介：高须科，1968 年 8 月生，男，中钢邢台冶金机械轧辊股份有限公司动力厂技术设备科，科长。- 145 -E
9、ditors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the
10、crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and
11、when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tappin
12、g rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space
13、- live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight lin
14、e we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same
15、 feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning
16、bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as
17、he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud
18、 cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliner
19、s (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back t
20、he door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving in
21、to the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more de
22、nse air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute
23、 at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner s
24、till will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
