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1、Employment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees.You may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you dont agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly.For m
2、ore information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, seeDismissal.You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haventappealedagainst the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as
3、a result of your failure to appeal.Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. If your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept it.If y
4、ou are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the organisations listed underFurther help.Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation.Most people find maki
5、ng a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed underFurther help.If you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agre
6、ement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. This is known as adamages-based agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor cant charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.If you are thinking about signing up for a damages-based agreement, you s
7、hould make sure youre clear about the terms of the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a Citizens Advice Bureau. To find your nearest CAB, including those that give advice by e-mail, click onnearest CAB.For more information about making a claim to a
8、n employment tribunal, seeEmployment tribunals.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to
9、 be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Mich
10、el Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA.Age has reached th
11、e end of the beginning of a word. May be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; May be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself sh
12、ould go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字开头的年龄已经到了尾声。或许是愧疚于自己似乎把转瞬即逝的很多个不同的日子过成了同一天的样子；或许是追溯过去，对自己那些近乎偏执的怪异信念的醒悟，这些天以来，思绪一直很凌乱，在脑海中不断纠缠。总觉得自己自己似乎应该去做点什么，或者写点什么。二十年的人生轨迹深深浅浅，突然就感觉到有些事情，非做不可了。The end of our life, and
13、can meet many things really do?而穷尽我们的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？During my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for New Year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; Junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the re
14、al growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isnt really grow up, it seems is not so important; Then in high school, think dont want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eve
15、ntually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already cant remember his appearance.童年时，觉得压岁钱和新衣服是过年必备，但是随着年龄的推进，会越来越发现，那些东西根本就可有可无；初中时，以为要有一场暗恋才意味着真正的成长，但三年过去后，自己心平气和的
16、写同学录的时候，突然就发现是不是真正的成长了，好像并没有那么重要了；然后到了高中，觉得非要吐露出自己的心声才能为高中生涯里的懵懂情愫划上一个句点，但毕业晚会的时候最终还是被梗塞在了咽喉，后来再次站在他曾经挥汗如雨的球场，看着他投过篮球的球框时，突然间发现自己已经想不起他的容颜。Originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原来，这个世界上，对某个事件能产生化学反应的，除了非做不可的坚决，还有，时间。A per
17、sons time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. Also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. Dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like sh
18、adow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一个人的时候，自己的想法总是特别地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明确，好像没有什么可以撼动自己。也曾经好像已经下定了决心去做某件事，但更多的时候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌恶过自己的怯懦，最终却发现有很多缘分，有很多错过，好像冥冥之中真的已经注定。那些曾经所谓的非做不可，只是青葱年华里自己给自己注射的一支强心剂，或者说，是自以为是的精神寄
19、托罢了。At the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. Suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; Those were broken into various shapes of stationery; From the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; Have declared the end of the encounter that havent start planning. Those year
20、s, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻，天空是阴暗的，空气里有着刚下过雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件蓝格子衬衫；那些被折成各种各样形状的信纸；那段从街角深巷伊始的友谊；还有那场还没有开始就宣告了终结的邂逅计划那些年那些天的非做不可，终于和青春一样，都将在我们的人生中谢幕。Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground
21、, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mou
22、nt Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The supersonic descent could happen as earl
23、y as Sunda.The weatheThe balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Sti
24、ll, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end. Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Li
25、ke hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not n
26、eeded. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses cons
27、ciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).cause there毕业论文（设计）智能消防系统的设计学 生 姓 名： 指导教师： 合作指导教师： 专业名称： 所在学院： 2013
28、 年 5月目 录摘 要 I第一章 前言11.1研究目的和意义11.2 国内外研究现状21.3 研究内容和方法2第二章 消防器件的介绍32.1 探测器32.2手动报警按钮52.3消火栓启动按钮52.4短路隔离器52.5数码式火灾显示盘5第三章 建筑概况63.1建筑概况63.2 设计依据63.3消防控制室63.4系统设计6第四章 火灾自动报警系统74.1火灾自动报警系统的概述74.2火灾自动报警系统的组成74.3元器件的选择74.4探测器的布置94.5 手动报警按钮的设置154.6火灾报警控制器154.7火灾报警控制器的功能164.8工作原理164.9系统供电174.10火灾自动报警系统布线与智能
29、建筑的适配性17第五章 消防联动控制系统185.1消防联动设备的联动要求185.2 火灾事故广播195.3消防通信205.4应急照明205.5防排烟系统215.6 防火卷帘防火门225.7 灭火系统23第六章 设计说明256.1 系统构成256.2 安装调试注意事项256.3 系统供电和接地25总结26致谢27参考文献28附录（探测器安装曲线）29摘 要在智能建筑系统中,火灾报警及消防联动控制系统是建筑设备自动化系统中非常重要的一个系统，担负着保障人员及财产安全的重任。该论文中设计了某综合大楼的消防系统，主要是消防系统的感应机构，即探测器、手动报警按钮、消火栓按钮等报警系统，和其执行机构，即自
30、动喷淋系统、消火栓灭火系统、火灾事故广播、应急照明、疏散指示标志、防排烟系统、防火卷帘门、防火门等灭火系统和各种联动控制系统。其功能是对火灾发生进行早期探测和自动报警，并能根据火情位置，及时对建筑内的消防设备、配电、照明、广播以及电梯等装置进行联动控制，灭火、排烟、疏散人员，确保人身安全，最大限度地减少社会财富的损失。关键词： 消防，火灾报警，联动控制AbstractFire alarm and fire fighting joint control is a very important system of Building Automation System and its assignm
31、ent is to protect the safety of people and property. This thesis designed a fire system of a comprehensive building about the part of response including heat detectorionization smoke detector manual alarming buttonfire hydrant button ,and the part of execution including automation spray systemfire h
32、ydrant systememergency fire broadcasting systemescape lightingescape sign evacuating systemfire-resisting designed how to put and what kind to put these appliances ,and make a budget on the basis of quotation and the consumption of the product.Key words: fire fighting ，fire alarm ，fire fighting join
33、t control第一章 前言1.1 研究目的和意义在智能建筑中火灾报警及消防联动控制系统是建筑设备自动化系统中非常重要的一个系统，其原因一方面是因为现代高层建筑的建筑面积大、人员密集、设备材料多，建筑上竖向孔洞多（电梯井、电缆井、空调及通风管等），使得引发火灾的可能性增大，另一方面是由于智能建筑比传统的建筑投资了较多技术先进、价格昂贵的设备和系统，一旦发生火灾事故，除了造成人员伤亡外，各种设备及建筑物遭受损害造成的损失也比一般建筑物严重得多，由此我们不难了解到，在火灾报警及消防联动控制系统中，火灾报警系统的重要性更加突出，火灾的发生在其初期阶段往往只是规模甚小而又易于扑灭的，但是由于火灾的初
34、期阶段人们不易发觉或疏于防范，而使火灾蔓延，酿成灾难，这就对于系统的安全可靠性、技术先进性及网络结构、系统联网等方面提出了更新、更高的要求。消防是防火和灭火的总称。火灾报警及消防联动控制系统的主旨是以防为主，防消结合。其功能是对火灾发生进行早期探测和自动报警，并能根据火情位置，及时对建筑内的消防设备、配电、照明、广播以及电梯等装置进行联动控制，灭火、排烟、疏散人员，确保人身安全，最大限度地减少社会财富的损失。由于微电子技术、检测技术、自动控制技术和计算机技术等，在火灾报警及消防联动控制系统中的广泛应用，使得火灾探测与自动报警技术、消防设备联动控制技术有了很大的发展，而且扩大了消防自动化系统的功
35、能范围，增加了系统自检、报警复核、探测器灵敏度自动调节、及探测器维修预报等功能，使故障能及时确认及修复，减少误报，形成了具有智能化水平的火灾报警和联动控制系统，因此也称之为智能防火系统。1.2国内外研究现状所谓消防系统主要由两大部分组成：一部分为感应机构，即由探测器、手动报警按钮、报警器和警报器等构成的火灾自动报警系统，另一部分为执行机构，即灭火及联动控制系统。火灾自动报警及自动灭火系统可由下列部分或全部设备组成，框图如图1-1所示： 图1-1 消防系统组成框图1.3研究内容和方法其工作原理图如图1-2所示： 图1-2 消防系统的工作原理图安装在控制器，控制器将接收的信号与内存的正常整定值比较
36、，判断确定火灾。当发生火灾时，发出声光报警，显示烟雾浓度，显示火灾区域或楼层房号的地址编码，并打印报警时间，地址等。同时保护区的探测器不断地向所监视的现场发出巡逻信号， 监视现场的烟雾浓度，温度等，并不断反馈给报警向火灾现场发出警铃报警，在火灾发生楼层的上下相邻或火灾区域的相邻区域也同时发出报警信号，以显示火灾区域。各应急疏散指示灯亮，指明疏散方向。第二章 消防器件的介绍2.1 探测器火灾探测器分为：感烟火灾探测器、感温火灾探测器、感光火灾烟温复合式火灾探测器以及气体火灾警探测器，按其测控范围又可分为点型火灾探测器和线型火灾探测器两大类。点型火灾探测器只能对警戒范围中某一点周围的温 度、烟等参
37、数进行控制，如点型离子感、点型紫光火焰火灾探测器、点型感温火灾探测器等。线型火灾探测器则可以对戒范围中某一线路周围烟雾、温度进行探测，如红外光束线型火灾探测器，激光线型火灾探测器，缆式线型感温火灾探测器等，常用火灾探测器性能特点及适用范围如表2-1所示。 表2-1火灾探测器性能特点及适用范围探测器型性能特点适用范围备注感烟探测器点型离子感烟探测器灵敏度高，历史悠久技术成熟性能稳定，对阻燃火的反应最灵敏宾馆客房、办公楼、图书馆、影剧院、邮政大楼等公共场所点型光电感烟探测器灵敏度高，对湿热气流扰动大的场所适应性好同上易受电磁干扰，散射光型黑烟不灵敏红外光束 激光 线型感烟探测器探测范围大，可靠性环
38、境适应性好会展中心、演播大厅、大会堂、体育馆、影剧院等无遮挡大空间。易受红外、紫外光干扰；探测视线易被遮挡感温探测器点型感温探测器性能稳定，可靠性环境适应性好厨房、锅炉间、地下车库、吸烟室等造价较高，安装维护不便缆式线型感温探测器同上电气电缆井、变配电装置、各种带式传送机构等造价较高，安装维护不便火焰探测器对明火反应迅速，探测范围宽广各种燃油机房，油料储藏库等火灾时有强烈火焰和少量烟热场所易受阳光和其它光源干扰；探测被遮挡，镜头易被污染 一般说来，物质燃烧前往往是先产生烟雾，接着周围温度渐渐升高，同时产生一些可见光和不可见光。而物质由开始燃烧到火势渐大酿成火灾总是有个过程的。探测器的功能就是“
39、捕捉”、“观查”物质刚刚开始燃烧时产生的“信号”。它把捕捉到的火灾信号转变为电信号，立即提供给报警控制器。由于场所的不同，燃烧物的不同，燃烧时产生的信号也不同。同样，在不同的场合需要不同的探测器。在选择火灾探测器的种类时，要根据探测区域内可能发生的初期火灾的形成和发展特征、房间高度、环境条件以及可能引起误报的原因等因素来决定。 对不同高度的房间点型火灾探测器的选择如表2-2所示：表2-2 对不同高度的房间点型火灾探测器的选择房间高度h（m）感烟探测器感温探测器一级 二级 三级火焰探测器12h20不适合不适合不适合不适合适合8h12适合不适合不适合不适合适合6h8适合适合不适合不适合适合4h6适
40、合适合适合不适合适合h4适合适合适合适合适合根据火灾自动报警系统设计规范第7.1.1条规定，对火灾初期有阴燃阶段，产生大量的烟和少量的热，很少或没有火焰辐射的场所，应选择感烟探测器。点型感烟探测器适用场所：办公楼的厅堂、办公室、电子计算机机房、通讯机房、楼梯、走道、电梯机房、书库、档案室、或有电气火灾危险的场所；在本系统中办公室、楼梯间及其前室、走道、大会议室、员工活动室、消防控制室、咖啡厅、宾馆大堂、客房、餐厅及包厢、商场等场所均采用点型感烟探测器；离子感烟探测器对于火灾初起和阴燃阶段的烟雾气溶胶检测非常灵敏，可探测烟雾粒径范围为0.0310m左右。离子感烟探测器的特点：探测具有广谱性，可靠
41、性和灵敏度高，对环境参数的监测连续，响应时间慢，但探测器报废后对环境有污染。光电感烟探测器是对能影响红外、可见和紫外电磁波频谱区辐射的吸收或散射的燃烧产物敏感的探测器。响应速度快，对环境的监测是间歇式的。点型感温探测器适用场所：对湿度经常大于95%；无烟火灾；有大量粉尘；在正常情况下有烟和蒸气滞留；锅炉房、发电机房、吸烟室等；在本系统中小会议室、休息室、厨房、服务员室等场所在正常情况下有可能有烟和蒸气滞留，因此均采用点型感温探测器；感温式火灾探测器的工作原理是：物质在燃烧过程中，释放出大量的热，使环境温度升高，探测器中的热敏元件发生物理变化，从而将温度信号转变为电信号，传输给火灾报警控制器，发
42、出火灾报警信号。感温式探测器按作用原理可分为三类：定温型火灾探测器、差温型火灾探测器、差定温型火灾探测器。其中定温型允许温度有较大的变化，比较稳定，但火灾造成的损失较大；差温型适用于火灾早期报警，火灾造成损失较小，但火灾温度升高过慢则无反应而漏报；差定温型具有差温型的优点而又比差温型更可靠，因此在本系统中所有的感温探测器均选用差定温型。综上所述，在本系统中只采用离子感烟探测器和差定温型感温探测器。2.2 手动报警按钮手动报警按钮可以起到确认火情或者人工发出火警信号的特殊作用。报警区域内每个防火分区，应至少设置一只手动报警按钮。它主要安装在建筑物的安全出口、安全楼梯口等便于接近和操作的部位。有消
43、火栓的应尽量靠近消火栓。手动报警按钮分为打破玻璃式按钮和直接按压式按钮，有的电话插孔也设置在手动报警按钮上。2.3 消火栓启动按钮消火栓报警开关安装于消火栓内的。当发生火灾使用消火栓灭火时，手动操作消火栓报警开关，可以向消防控制中心发出报警信号，同时启动有关消防设备。其线制为：报警功能二总线，由二进制拨码开关设置地址码，直接启泵功能四线制，包括启泵和点亮启泵指示灯各二根线。2.4 短路隔离器在系统总线发生短路时，短路隔离器将发生短路的部分与总线隔离，保证未短路部分正常工作。一条探测总线可以接14只短路隔离器。其安装位置一般在探测总线干路与支路的连接处。2.5 数码式火灾显示盘显示盘可由数码管显
44、示火警点或故障点的房号与控制器间采用RS-485总线通讯，需DC24V电源总线二根。设置于每个搂层或消防分区，用于显示本区域内各探测点的报警和故障情况。接收控制器送来的火警、故障、故障恢复信号及复位命令，发出火警或故障声、光信号，数码管显示报警或故障地址，声信号可手动消音。具自检功能，可对数码管、指示灯和声信号进行自检；复位功能：可使火灾显示盘重新处于监控状态；总报输出功能：当收到第一个火警信号时，总报输出继电器吸合，提供常开常闭转换触点输出。第三章 建筑概况3.1 建筑概况该大厦为框架结构，是集商场，餐饮，客房为一体的综合楼，层高4.5 m。负一层面积为435.42，一层至四层的层面积为15
45、55.2，五层至十一层的层面积为1130.4，顶层面积为435.4，总面积为15082.42；一共有十二层，其中负一层主要为设备房及消防水池，一层为商场，咖啡厅、宾馆大厅和厨房，二、三、四层均为餐厅和厨房，五层一直到十一层均为宾馆客房，顶楼为电梯机房。根据高层民用建筑设计防火规范第3.0.1条规定知该大厦防火等级为一类建筑，防火等级为一级。3.2 设计依据（1）智能建筑消防子系统的毕业设计任务书。（2）火灾自动报警系统设计规范（GB5011698），国家标准，中国计划出版社，1999年（3）高层民用建筑设计防火规范（GB5004595），国家标准，中国计划出版社，1997年3.3 消防控制室根
46、据火灾自动报警系统设计规范第6.1，6.2，6.3条规定对消防控制室作如下设置：消防控制室设置在一层，面积约为30m。有直通室外的安全出口，其门是向疏散方向开启，且入口处设置有明显标志。消防控制室内无与其无关的电气线路及管路穿过，其周围无电磁场干扰较强及其他影响消防控制设备工作的设备用房。其室内布置如下:设备为单列布置，设备面盘前的操作距离大于1.5m；在值班人员工作的一面，设备面盘至墙的距离大于3m；设备面盘后的维修距离大于1m。3.4 系统设计本系统采用火灾报警控制系统，集火灾报警和联动控制于一体，通过在每层设置感烟、感温探测器、手动报警按钮、消火栓启动按钮以及消防专用电话达到火灾报警的目的，然后通过设置在每层的消防广播通报火灾情况，并通过疏散指示灯和应急照明灯指示人员疏散，同时通过联动控制设备关断非消防电源、使电梯迫降，并且根据火情启动有关的排烟设备和灭火设备，达到灭火的目的。本设计的报警设备主要有：感烟探测器、感温探测器、手动报警按钮、消火
