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1、Fuzzy evaluation on geological conditions of coal seam in ChinaZhang Dongsheng, Zhang Xianchen & Yan XuefengChina University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. ChinaDszhang123Abstract The geological conditions of coal seam are evaluated quantitatively by using fuzzy method and from point
2、view of coal mining. According to the evaluation results, decision-making on mining techniques, mining programming and design, production management can be carried out effectively. The latest developments in China are introduced. The evaluation contents, the structure and index system of evaluation
3、factors, the membership functions and weights of evaluation factor, evaluation model and reliability are stated in detail. The effective application of fuzzy evaluation in the prediction of coal face output is introduced emphatically. Fuzzy evaluationon geological conditions of coal seam is the basi
4、c work that ensures a mine run efficiently, safely and steadily . Keywords:Fuzzy evaluation; geological conditions; evaluation 1 INTRDUCTION To exploit the coal resource rationally means that the mining technical level and the relevant technical decisions are suitable for the characteristic and diff
5、erence of coal geological conditions. If the evaluation is far below or above the actual geological conditions, it is unfavorable to make the most of the coal natural superiority and easy to make false technical decisions. So, it is very important to improve mining effects and economic benefits that
6、 the geological conditions are evaluated appropriately and the corresponding measures are taken. 2 CONTENTS OF FUZZY EVALUATION Based on the coal mining experience and rules summarized by widely investigation, the evaluation on geological conditions of coal seam should be taken by not only studying
7、the influence of main factors to the selection of coal mining technology and mining effects, but also constructing a comprehensive supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China（NSFC） (50374065)，NSFC for extinguished scholars (50225414) evaluation model with multi-levels and multi-factors
8、 by the use of mining theory, fuzzy mathematics andAnalytic Hierarchy Process (called AHP for short), etc. In addition, the evaluation reliability should be considered in the application of evaluation results. So, the complete contents of fuzzy evaluation should include: (1) Investigating the experi
9、ence and material of geological conditions, coal mining technology, technical effects, and safety state of face extraction in typical mining district. (2) Determining the structure of evaluation factors and the index system of geological factors, the membership functions and the weights of evaluatio
10、n factors, and establishing the fuzzy evaluation model by summarizing the influence of geological factors to coal mining technology and using the methods of fuzzy mathematics, etc. K(3) Dividing the coal seam into many smaller blocks ij (i is coal seam number, j is block number.)Kijaccording to geol
11、ogical reports, and making pre-mining evaluation of the blocks to get the pre-mining evaluation value Pij. K(4) Making the second evaluation of typical blocks ij having been mined to get the evaluation valuePPij Pij according to the geological report and supplementary geological material after minin
12、g, is more suitable to practice. R = P(5) Analyzing the reliability of pre-mining evaluation, P( R is reliability index of the pre-mining evaluation K ), R 1. (6) Making evaluation on the blocks, based on the Pij and the Rij , the evaluation value of the blocks is:P0 = P Ri(7) Modifying the evaluati
13、on model or making a new evaluation according to its application and actual requirement. 3 STRUCTURE AND INDEX SYSTEM OF EVALUATION FACTORS The structure of evaluation factors reflects the connotation of evaluation. Its establishment should consider not only the general and specific difficult geolog
14、ical conditions, but also the principles of systematicness, feasibility and simplicity for the evaluation factors and indices obtained easily. Fuzzy evaluation on geological conditions of gently inclined or inclined coal seam in China consists of the evaluations for the general geological conditions
15、 and for the specific difficult geological conditions. The evaluation for the general geological conditions includes seven factors of geological structure, thickness of coal seam, stability of coal seam, pitch of coal seam, roof and floor of coal seam, hardness of coal seam and block dimension. The
16、evaluation for the specific difficult geological conditions includes the other four factors of gas geology, hydrogeology, coal spontaneous combustion and the others besides the seven factors mentioned above. Furthermore, the geological structure contains three basic factors of fault, fold and magma.
17、 The stability of coal seam contains three basic factors of minability of coal seam, variability of coal seam and band coefficient. The roof and floor of coal seam contains four basic factors of immediate roof, main roof, false roof and immediate floor. The block dimension contains two basic factors
18、 of face length and advance length. So, there are fifteen basic factors altogether considering the thickness of coal seam, pitch of coal seam and hardness of coal seam. Quantitative indices should be selected rationally in order to evaluate the fifteen basic factors. 4 MEMBERSHIP FUNCTIONS OF EVALUA
19、-TION FACTORS The membership function of evaluation factor is the quantitative description on fuzzy relationship between the change of a geological factor and the mining effect. It can be obtained by using technical summary, scientific research achievement, statistic analysis and specialist experien
20、ce comprehensively, and adopting the statistic analysis method, undetermined coefficient method and heterogeneous fuzzy statistic method, etc. Figure 1(a), (b), (c) and (e) show the membership functions ma (a ), m m (m), ml (l)and m s (s)of coal seam pitch ( a ), thickness of coal seam (m), face len
21、gth (l) and advance length (s). Membership functions of coal seam variance coefficient ( g ), minability of coal seam ( Km ), band (G ), immediate roof (o ), main roof ( N ), false roof (hv), immediate floor (Rc ) and magma (k) are m (r), m (K ), mG (G), m(s), mN (N ), m (h ), m (R ), mK (K ) , See
22、fig.1. The membership functions mF(F) and mq (q) of fault (F) and fold (q) are where FN is the fault density, FL is the fault length coefficient, Fh is the fault drop height coefficient, q1 is the fold strength coefficient, q2 is the fold complexity coefficient.5 WEIGHTS OF EVALUATION FACTORS The es
23、sence of the weights of evaluation factors is the quantitative description on the relative importance of geological factors influencing the coal mining technology. To determine the weights of evaluation factors should take mining law as basis and take the mutual adaptability between geological condi
24、tion and mining technology as main content, and should make full use of statistic data, research achievement and specialists experience. AHP is the method most in use at present. Based on the knowledge of specialist, this method is more suitable to solve the evaluation on geological conditions of co
25、ncrete coal seam. Table 1 shows the weights of geological factors obtained by AHP. 6 FUZZY EVALUATION MODEL 6.1 Optimal Model For Fuzzy Evaluation The linear weighted comprehensive evaluation model is often used for fuzzy evaluation on geological conditions of coal seam. In recent years, the optimal
26、 model for fuzzy evaluation is presented to reduce the subjectivity of evaluation. Its main characteristic lies in using two -basic point method. That is to say, in the evaluation system with a number of blocks, there are an ideal point corresponding with good vector G (G=(g1, g2, ,gn) and an anti-i
27、deal point corresponding with bad vector B (B=(b1, b2, ,bn). SupposeRR mihat the comprehensive evaluation values of i( i= (r11, r22, , r1m) is , and then compute the generalized distances D (Ri, G) and D (Ri, B). If taking the square sum of weighted distances of all samples as optimal criterion, the
28、 optimal solution of the comprehensive evaluation value is Figure 1. Membership functions of evaluation factors6.2 Comprehensive Evaluation Model For Special Difficult Conditions Based on above-mentioned fuzzy evaluation, a comprehensive evaluation model for special difficult geological conditions o
29、f coal seam is established to get the difficult coefficient D. The greater the value of D is the more difficult the geological mining conditions are. Because the influence of individual factor to whole evaluation should be embodied, continuous multiplication must be adopted when structuring the mode
30、l. That is, D =1-B P, where B is the evaluation value of special geological conditions, P is the evaluation value of general geological conditions. Figure 2. Relationship between evaluation values and reliabilityFigure 2 shows the characteristic of reliability of pre-mining evaluation, based on the
31、pre-mining and after -mining evaluation and calculation of evaluation reliability of 12 mining districts and 107 typical coal seam blocks. The greater the value of pre-mining evaluation is, the better the coal seam conditions are, and the higher the reliability of pre-mining evaluation is. On the co
32、ntrary, the less the value of pre-mining evaluation is, the worse the coal seam conditions are, and the 8 PREDICTION OF COAL FACE OUTPUT Under the certain conditions of equipment, technique and management, there is a close relationship between coal face output and its geological conditions for a coa
33、l mine. Through the fuzzy evaluation on coal geological conditions and the statistic analysis on production-technique indices, the relationship between the coal face output and the fuzzy evaluation value can be fitted to establish a new model for the prediction of coal face output. There are many pr
34、ediction models as linear equation, duality quadratic equation and exponential equation, etc. For example: a =C1 + C 2 P (fully-mechanized coal mining technology) a =D(C + CP + CP2) (fully-mechanized or conventionally-mechanized coal mining technology) a =D(C + CP + CP2 + CP3 ) (blasting coal mining
35、 technology)a =24.5(1.13 +1.24 ln P) (fully-mechanized coal mining technology with great power in Nantun Mine) a =(14.66ln M -6.77)(1.28 +1.4ln P) (fully-mechanized coal mining technology with sublevel caving in Dongtan Mine) where D is the difficult coefficient, C1, C2, C3, and C4 are statistic reg
36、ression constants. REFERENCES 1I.B.Turksen 1991. Measurement of membership functions and their acquisition. Fuzzy sets and Systems. 40:36-40. 2North-Holland. R.Knosala & W.Pedrycz. 1992. Evaluation of de-sign alternative in mechanical engineering. Fuzzy sets and Systems. 47:24-28. 3J.S.Dyer & R.K.Sa
37、rin. 1979. Measurable Multi-attribute Value Function. Operations Research 煤层地质条件模糊综合评价在中国的应用张东升 张先尘 杨学峰江苏徐州中国矿业大学Dszhang123摘要：地质条件煤层定量评价采用模糊方法和pointview采煤。根据评价结果，采矿技术决策，采矿规划与设计，生产管理可以有效地进行。本文介绍是中国的最新事态发展。评价的内容，结构和指标体系等评价因素，隶属函数和权重的评价因子，评价模型和可靠性是在细节。重点介绍有效应用模糊综合评价来预测采煤工作面产量。基本的工作式模糊综合评价的地质煤层条件，以确保煤矿高
38、效，安全和稳步运行。关键词：模糊评价;地质条件评价1、简介合理利用煤炭资源意味着用采矿技术水平和相关技术决定适合不同特点和地质条件下的煤。如果评价是远低于或高于以上的实际地质情况，这对大多数煤炭自然优势是不利的并容易作出不实的技术决定。因此，地质条件评价和相应的适当采取措施对提高开采效果和经济效益是非常重要的。2、目录模糊评价基于广泛调查总结了的煤炭开采经验和规则，煤层地质条件评价不但应采取的学习选择煤炭开采技术和采矿业等主要影响因素而且而且还使用采矿理论建设多层次和多因素的综合评价模型，模糊数学和层次分析法（ AHP法要求短期）等。此外，评价的可靠性中应审议应用评价结果。因此，完整的模糊综合
39、评价的内容应包括：（ 1 ）调查的经验和材料的地质条件，煤矿开采技术，技术的影响，以及国家的安全面临提取典型采区。（ 2 ）通过总结地质因素的影响，以煤炭开采技术和使用模糊数学方法等，确定评价的结构因素和指标体系的地质因素，隶属函数和权重的评价因素，建立模糊评价模型。（ 3 ）根据地质报告划分煤层成许多较小的块矩阵度Kij（i煤层号码， J是块号码。 ），并事先采矿评价块矩阵Kij并获得前采矿评估价值。（ 4 ）第二次评估典型块矩阵Kij已获得开采价值的评价矩阵Pij，根据地质报告和地质采矿补充材料矩阵Pij更适合应用。（ 5 ）采矿评价前的可靠性分析，矩阵矩阵矩阵Rij =Pij/Pij（矩
40、阵R是采矿前评价可靠性指标矩阵Kij） ，矩阵R 1 。（ 6 ）依据Pij和Rij制作评价区块，评估价值的区块是：Pij = Pij Rij。（ 7 ）根据其申请和实际要求修改的评价模型或作出新的评价。3结构和指标体系的评价因素结构的评价因素反映内涵的评价。它的建立应考虑不仅是一般和特殊困难的地质条件，而且还有系统性，可行性和简单的评价因素和指标容易获得的原则。模糊综合评价在中国根据一般地质条件和地质条件的具体困难评估缓倾斜或倾斜煤层地质条件。在评价一般地质条件包括七个因素的地质构造，煤层厚度，稳定的煤层，音高煤层，顶底板的煤层，煤层硬度和拦截层面。在评价具体困难的地质条件，包括其他四个因素
41、天然气地质学，水文地质学，煤炭自燃和其他7个因素，除了如上所述。此外，地质结构包含三个基本因素断层，褶皱和岩浆。稳定的煤层包含三个基本因素多层煤层，煤层变异与带系数。煤层顶底板的煤层包含四个基本要直接顶，老顶，伪顶和直接底。该区块的层面包含两个基本因素的工作面长度和推进长度。因此，有15个基本因素完全考虑煤的煤层厚度，煤层间距和煤层硬度。为了评估15基本因素应选择合理的定量指标。4隶属函数评价性因素隶属函数的评价因子是变化的地质因素和开采效果的定量描述的模糊关系。它可使用技术总结，科研成就，统计分析和全面专家经验，并通过统计分析方法，待定系数法和异构模糊统计方法，等获得。图1 a，b，c和e显
42、示的隶属函数，煤层间距，m煤层厚度，l工作面长度，s推进长度，隶属函数煤层变异系数，minability煤层，直接顶，老顶，伪顶，直接底，岩浆，见图1 隶属函数这里Fn故障密度，Fl是故障长度系数，Fh断层落差系数，q1是褶皱强度系数，q2是褶皱复杂性系数待添加的隐藏文字内容1图1 隶属函数评价因素5评价因素权重评价因素权重的本质是影响采煤技术的地质因素的相对重要性。要确定评价因素权重应采取采矿法为基础，并采取之间的相互适应性地质条件和开采技术为主要内容，并应充分利用统计数据，研究成果和专家的经验。基于知识的专家，层次分析法是最目前使用的。这种方法更适合于评价和解决具体煤层地质条件。表1显示了
43、通过AHP得到的地质因素权重的层次分析法6模糊评价模型6.1优化模型的模糊评价线性加权综合评价模型通常用于煤层条件地质模糊评价。近年来，优化模型提出模糊综合评价，以减少主观性的评价。其主要特点在于使用两个基本点的方法。这就是说，在若干块评价体系中，有一个相应的理想的点良好载体G（ G = （g1,g2gn） ）和一个相应的反理想点不良载体B（ B= （b1,b2bn） ）,假设该综合评价值Ri (Ri = (r11, r22, r1m) 是i，然后计算广义距离D(Ri, G) 和 D (Ri, B).。如果考虑所有样本的平方和加权距离为最优标准，最佳的解决方案的综合评价值是：6.2特别困难的条
44、件下综合评价模型基于上述模糊评价，特殊困难地质条件的综合评价模型，煤层建立困难系数D。D的更大的价值是比较困难的地质开采条件。因为整个评价应该体现个人的影响因素。连续乘法时必须通过结构模型。就是D =1- B P, 这里B是评估价值的特殊地质条件， P是评估价值一般地质条件。图2评估值之间的关系和可靠性7可靠性模糊评价图2显示的特点，可靠性，采矿前评价的基础上，预先采矿和在开采的评估和计算可靠性的评价12采矿区和107个典型的煤煤层区块。采矿前评价具有更大的价值，更好的煤层条件，并更高的可靠性。相反，减少采矿前评价是具有最严重的煤层条件和较低的可靠性。不同煤层区块信度的评价不同，但是他们总是在
45、整体范围内组成指数函数的双包络线R1和R2中。适当的值的R应选择修改该值的P ，同时评价新区块。8预测工作面产量在某些条件下的设备，技术和管理的煤矿，采煤工作面产量和地质条件之间存在着密切的关系。通过模糊评价煤矿地质条件和统计分析生产技术指标，采煤工作面产量和模糊综合评价值的关系之间的都可以建立在一个新的预测采煤工作面产量模式下。有很多预测模型的线性方程，对偶二次方程和指数方程等，例如：a =C1+ C2 P（综采开采技术）a =D（C1+ C2 P + C3 P2）（综或常规机械化采煤技术）a = D（ C1+C2P+C3P2+C4P3）（爆破采煤技术）a = 24.5(1.13 +1.24 ln P) （在南屯煤矿综采开采技术）a = (14.66lnM - 6.77)(1.28+1.4ln P) （东滩矿综采放顶煤技术）其中D是困难系数，的C1 ， C2 ，C3 ，和C4是统计回归常数。参考文献1IBTurksen 1991年,隶属函数的测量和采集。模糊集与系统, 40:36-40 ,北荷兰。2Knosala与美国Pedrycz 1992年,评价日签署替代机械工程,模糊集与系统,47:24-28 。3JSDyer RKSarin , 1979年,衡量多属性值函数,运筹学
