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1、英文原文The application of modern surveying technology in miningAbstract With the unceasing appearance and widespread application of new surveying technology, the present age mining survey has meet huge change. However, lots of problems occurred while using the new techniques since the number of mine is
2、 large in China and condition of the mine district in complex, it in some sense influenced the mine exploitation and management of China. Summarized the present situation of new technical application in mining survey, including the advanced instrumentation equipment,the”3S”technology,the information
3、 and the network technology and the information fusion technology and so on, and analyzed the problems which exists in the current mining survey, it also provided new ways to present age mining survey from the sustainable development angle.Keywords modern surveying technology, mining survey, informa
4、tion fusion, sustainable development Introduction As the important material elements for the development of society and economy, mineral resources have made outstanding to the economic development and social progress, and bring many problems as well. Especially in developing countries, the mine ente
5、rprise management is extensive, the technical equipment is backward and the labor productivity is low, major and extraordinarily serious accidents happen sometimes, resource and environment safety state deteriorated in mining district. Science and technology advancement is the key to resolve this ph
6、enomenon. At present, with the continuous appearance of modern surveying and mapping technology, particularly the widespread application of “3S” technology, the present age mining survey has changed essentially. The rapid development of information and network offers the wide space for the applicati
7、on of these new technologies. This article summarized the present situation of new technical application in mining survey, discussed the problem that exists in it and provides new ways to present age mining survey. 1 The application of modern surveying instrument Nowadays, the development of mine su
8、rveying instrument and its application mainly displays in the following aspects: the wide use of geodimeter and electronic tacheometer (e.g. total station) . As the most widely used surveying instrument at present, total station is a kind of photoelectric measuring instrument, which is integrated wi
9、th the advantage of range finder and electronic theodolite. Intelligentized total station is the maximum selling surveying instrument at the present time, and is the future development trend as well. It incorporates the latest scientific achievements of optics, electrics, magnetics and mechanics, an
10、d can measure distance and angle at the same time. Total station has been used widely in mining survey because of its obvious advantages just as follows: simultaneously have the function of theodolite and range finder; provides digital form surveying production; simple operation; with electronic boo
11、k. Besides of many common surveying instruments, a certain of special instrument must be used in mining survey because of the particularity of mine surveying environment, such as explosion-proof instrument (geodimeter, electronic theodolite, total station etc.), spatially in connection survey and un
12、derground mining survey.The appearance of new surveying instrument which fit to mine surveying (e.g. automatic observation gyro theodolite, single degree of freedom gyroscope) makes mining survey steps into a new period, that makes mining survey work toward to efficient, intellinent and automatic de
13、velopment direction. 2 The application of spatial information technology in mining survey With the development of the modern surveying technology, remote Sensing (RS), Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) which is abbreviated as “3S” technology, plays an important
14、role in resource and environment information acquisition, management and analysis evaluation in industrial and mining area. The RS technology application in mining survey has last very long period and have accumulated rich experiences. The main usage is to recognize ground feature and environment st
15、atus of mining area, select suited remote sensing data source and process data fusion, false color composite, geometric correction and so on to establish interpretation key and recognition model of remote sensing target. Compared with traditional mapping method, remote sensing technique shows its ex
16、cellent efficiency, low cost and high precision, it has been proved to be a good method. The key theoretics and technologies of space remote sensing used in mining survey are in researching. By using remote sensing data, we can obtain real-time, dynamic and compositive information of mining district
17、, monitor its environment and provide decision support of mining area environmental protection. At the same time, remote sensing data can also used for prospecting, the geological condition research of mining area and the coal seam roof and floor research and so on. RS technology provides a very imp
18、ortant guarantee to the successful accomplishment of modern mining survey tasks. The main use of GPS technology in mine surveying is to substitute the traditional ground surveying and mapping. For example, to establish, monitor and repair surveying control network of mining area, to monitor building
19、s and mining subsidence, to monitor the stability of open-pit slope etc. With the continuous increase of GPS receivers cost performance, the ground surface application of GPS in mining area has become a very important support technique during mine surveying. Coordinate with other conventional scienc
20、e and technology methods, GPS and RS technology used in the mining area geologic survey, the geological mapping and in the prospecting exploration shows better effect and high benefit.The mining area application of GIS already became an important development direction in mining survey. By establishi
21、ng the mining area resources and environment information system based on the GIS technology, we may process the mining area ground, the underground space and the resource & environment informations input, storage, processing, display and output. Mining map drawing, mines development and design, the
22、rational utilization of resources and the analysis appraisal of ecological environment, the regional planning and the sustainable development decision-making and so on.3 The application of information fusion technology in mining survey 3.1 The integration of “3S” technology In traditional mine manag
23、ement mode, the common way to monitor the mine development status and the mine environment due to mining is dynamic inspect method. The method needs long period and has poor timeliness and lower accuracy. At present, the integration of “3S” technology (RS, GPS and GIS) can realize the analysis of th
24、e implementation situation for mineral resources planning, and the effect evaluate of mineral environmental control projection. This technique can also provide evidence for administration management department and the corporations macroscopic decision department rapidly, effectively and economically
25、.3.2 The fusion of ISS and GPS technology At present, the appearance of Inertial Surveying System (ISS) technique provide us a new means of geodetic surveying, engineering surveying and mine surveying. As a navigation positioning technique, ISS has many advantages such as all-weather, autonomous, fa
26、st, multifunctional and flexible etc. This make it preliminary used in mining survey. The integration of GPS and ISS could be a perspective development technology to mine surveying.3.3 The fusion of GPS and INSAR technology During mining survey, most common works are involved with monitoring the ear
27、th surface deformation, especially in monitoring the mining subsidence and coast. It plays a very important roles in mine safety production. For monitoring mining subsidence, Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and GPS technology are very strong complementary. Firstly, GPS belongs to po
28、int positioning, and the length of base line is usually tens to hundreds of kilometers. Such lower point density cannot meet the demand for high spatial resolution monitoring of the surface deformation. InSAR data can apply continuous information off the entire region surface. The spatial resolution
29、 can reach to 20 m. Secondly, InSAR (spatially differential InSAR) is sensitive to elevation information of the earth surface owing to the radar incidence angle effect, while GPS is unsubstantial in elevation precision. Thirdly, GPS has high temporal resolution (highest can be up to 1 Hz), while InS
30、AR data has a lower temporal resolution (more than 20 days generally, highest only can be 1 day) because of the loner revisiting period.3.4 The integration of TPS total station and GPS As a new instrument which integrate the GPS total station and GPS, Smart Stationa super total station theodolite is
31、 practicable. This instrument doesnt need ground control points, long traverse and resection operation. We can use the total station theodolite to survey and layout only by setting up the Smart Station and use the GPS to locate the occupied station accurately. It can abtain the position information
32、with centimeter level accuracy within very short time while the baseline is short than 50 km.3.5 The fusion of GIS and computer networkIn order to instruct the mine safety production efficiently, many countries are developing mine geographic information system (MGIS) and suing the advanced radio fre
33、quency identification device (RFID), computer network technology and Field Bus communication technology in this system, which solved the problem of underground operators accurate positioning and the miner work attendance check. The fusion of GIS and computer network technique provide a well guarante
34、e to mine safety production.4 New ideas to modern mining survey4.1 Setting up and making perfect of Web Mine GIS At present, the foremost task is to sep up the MGIS with integral and powerful functions in the mine construction. It is a management information system. We can exploit systematically, sy
35、nthetically, dynamicly and roundly ground and underground natural resources by regular and high and new technology, instruments and methods. Based on it, we can set up a mine resource and environmental information system. The system applied spatial information technology is an all-around achievement
36、 by integration of 3Stechnology, Total Station and other surveying instruments and technology in the mine surveying. MGIS has been the main aspect and inevitable tendency of the development of mine surveying. It mainly studys on the collection, save, process, analysis, simulation and reappearance of
37、 mine time and space data, which has a better editing map ability and connects automatically the spatial data with the attribute data, exploits mine excellently, uses resources reasonably, analyzes and appraises environment and decides regional plan and sustainable development and so on. According t
38、o the characteristics of mine plan and construction, MGIS should mainly include many subsystems as follows: mine geology and surveying information system, mine dispatching management information system, mine production management information system, mine destructions and accidents forecast system, m
39、ining district plan and mine shaft design information system, mine district land reclaimation management information system and mine subsidence forecast system etc. After setting up MGIS, we should build Web MGIS ulteriorly in order to make higher efficiency and convenient management. MGIS based on
40、web will play more important effect in mining production and researches at home abroad.4.2 The application of Personal Digital Assistant technology Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) is a kind of portable computer technology, which is developed rapidly during recent years. It integrates the function o
41、f calculator, phone, fax and the Internet. By using PDA, we could mange individual information, browse web sites and receive or send E-mail, send fax, even it can be used as a mobile phone. These functions could be carried out through wireless mode. Meanwhile, PDA embeds a windows CE operation syste
42、m, which can be use to communicate the outer computer and its correlative devices (such as GPS, total station etc.). PDA also embeds development environment and can process spatial data form surveying instrument and used in civil engineering. At the same time, it can connect to Internet through wire
43、d of people to acquire real-time information. Thus PDA is a ideal platform of removal GIS. To integrate 3S, wireless network (such as GPRS, GSM) and PDA technology, we could carry out remote sensing field investigation, environmental disaster investigation and the fast, real-time geological investig
44、ation, which including each geological, environment phenomenon spatial scope as well as the corresponding attribute information prompt input. If it combines with the vector topographic diagram, the remote sensing imagery as well as the DEM these-dimensional surface diagram, it is advantageous to eac
45、h kind of environment phenomenon recognition. The obvious advantages of PDA used in mining survey are as follows.(1) Its volume is so small and the weight is so light, that it is very easy to be carried about, and the low power dissipation characteristic makes it has better adaptability while operat
46、ing in mining field with adverse natural conditions.(2) It integrates the mobile communication technique, which makes the information exchange between the operators more conveniently.(3) Since PDA integrates GPS and remote sensing techniques, it can provide schedule exploration path to the operators
47、, thus, the positional data acquisition speed is increased.5 ConclusionsBy using modern surveying and mapping equipment (e.g. super total station theodolite), the information fusion technology, the PDA technology and the MGIS system, to investigate the mine geology environment present situation, can
48、 provide basic data and criterion for the reasonable development of mineral resource, the protection and surveillance management of mine geological environment, the control of mine environment and the mine ecology restores with the reconstruction. It is a modern mining survey new method and is worth
49、 wide application.In order to protect the mining area ecological environment and optimize mine resources mine resources mining, realize the historical mission of mine sustainable development, the modern mining survey new technology, specially the 3S integration technology application are facing with great new challenges. Meanwhile, it also provides more opportunities for the application of modern surveying technology will certainly be an important forc
