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1、China telecom industry introduction This article discusses the telecommunications industry in mainland China. For Hong Kong and Macau, see Communications in Hong Kong and Communications in Macau. For Taiwan (Republic of China), see Communications in the Republic of China. The telecommunications indu
2、stry in China is dominated by three state-run businesses: China Telecom, China Unicom and China Mobile. The three companies were formed by a recent revolution and restructuring launched in May 2008, directed by Ministry of Information Industry (MII), Nationals Development and Reform Commissions (NDR
3、C) and Minister of Finance. Since then, all the three companies gained 3G licenses and engaged fixed-line and mobile business in China.As a result of Chinas entry to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, a new regulatory regime is now being established and foreign operators are gradually being
4、 allowed to access the market. Although Chinese customers keep complaining that they need to pay higher prices for products and services and receive lower-quality services than customers in America or Europe, foreign travellers often feel that telecommunication services in China are cheap and conven
5、ient.citation neededAs Chinas 2nd generation of mobile communications equipment market is dominated by European and North American companies and because of the unique characteristics of mobile communications, most of Chinas mobile communications equipment demands are filled by imports. The quickly r
6、ising Chinese manufacturers, however, led by Huawei Technologies and ZTE are turning to South American, Southeast Asian and African countries for business opportunities and are increasingly raising their market share in China.As of 2009, Huawei Technologies is expected to surpass Nokia-Siemens Netwo
7、rks and Alcatel-Lucent to become the 2nd largest manufacturer of telecommunications equipment.In 2005, Chinas Ministry of Information Industry (MII), the most important government regulator in the telecommunications industry, projects that Chinese telecom carriers will invest $25 billion to recruit
8、45 million fixed line telephone subscribers and 58 million cellular phone users. MII expects the number of fixed line telephone users to reach 361 million and the penetration rate to reach 27.6% by the end of 2005 and the number of cellular users to reach 392 million and a penetration rate of 30%. W
9、ith such an investment, Chinese telecom carriers expect to generate revenues of USD 76.5 billion, 10.4% more than that in 2004.As of Aug-2009, there were a total of 720million mobile phones in active use, representing a penetration rate of 54% of the populationThe Chinese telecommunication sectors g
10、rowth rate was about 20% between 1997 and 2002. China fixed-line and mobile operators have invested an average of 25 billion US dollars on network infrastructure in the last years, which will be more than all western European carriers combined. As a result, with 1.3 billion citizens, China owns the
11、worlds largest fixed-line and mobile network in terms of both network capacity and number of subscribers.Only one out of ten Chinese citizens had a phone five years ago. Today more than one out of three have a fixed telephone subscription and more than 1.25 million cellular subscribers sign up in Ch
12、ina every week.Chinas accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on December 11, 2001 resulted in the gradual opening of the telecom services market to foreign companies.Chinas two mobile operators, China Mobile and China Unicom, will continue to expand their mobile networks in 2005 in a way th
13、at not only increases network coverage but also gives flexibility to offer more data services to their customers. They will continue to have great demand for base stations, switches and network optimization solutions.edit Historical overviewBefore 1994, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (
14、MTP) provided telecom services through its operational arm, China Telecom. Pressured by other ministries and dissenting customers, the Chinese government officially started the telecom industry reforms in 1994 by introducing a new competitor: China Unicom. China Unicom could hardly compete with the
15、giant China Telecom.In 1998, due to a ministerial reorganization, the MTP was replaced by the new Ministry of Information Industry (MII). The MII took two large scale reshuffling actions targeting the inefficient state-monopoly.In 1999 the first restructuring split China Telecoms business into thee
16、parts (fixed-line, mobile and satellite). China Mobile and China Satcom were created to run, respectively, the mobile and satellsectors but China Telecom continued to be a monopoly of fixed-line services.The second restructuring in 2002 split China Telecom geographically into North and South: China
17、Telecom - North kept 30% of the network resources and formed China Netcom (CNC) and 70% of the resources were retained by China Telecom - South or simply the new China Telecom. Parallel to this double fission, the telecommunications division of the Ministry of Railways (MOR) established a new actor
18、in 2000: China TieTong.These resources consisted of a 2,200,000 km long nation-wide optical network, based on Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technologies and several submarine cables, in particular with the USA,
19、 Japan, Germany and Russia.To sum up, in the last decade the Chinese telecom industry has changed from a state-run monopolistic structure to state-run oligopolistic structure.In May 2008, MII, NDRC and Minister of Finance announced the third restructuring proposal and also launched three 3G licenses
20、. With the rapid development and serious competition, Chinese telecom operators face challenges on shrinking landline users, too rapid growth on mobile business, low profit services and great gaps among the carriers. The third revolution was to combine six main telecom operators into three, aiming o
21、f developing 3G business and full telecom services, and avoiding monopolistic and over competition.Telecom operatorsMain article: Mobile phone industry in ChinaAs of 2009, the telecom operators in China are exclusively Chinese: two fixed-line operators with nation-wide licenses - China Telecom and C
22、hina Unicom - three mobile carriers - China Telecom (CDMA and CDMA2000), China Mobile (GSM and TD-SCDMA) and China Unicom (GSM and WCDMA). The State has control and majority ownership of all of them. Most of them are financed in Hong Kong. China Telecom is one of the largest telecommunication SOE in
23、 China, including 31 nearly autonomous8 provincial enterprises in mainland China. It runs land-line and mobile phone networks, operates PAS system and provides telecom network-based voice, data, multimedia and information services. In 2008, the company acquired CDMA network from China Unicom. A seco
24、nd focus point is broadband based on Ethernet and ADSL.6 In Jan 2009, China Telcom was one of the three companies having 3G license, CDMA2000. China Mobile not only operates basic GSM services but also value-added services such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) data transfer, a TD-SCDMA 3G netw
25、ork, IP telephony and multimedia. It ranks the first in the world in terms of network scale and customer base.6 China Unicom merged with China Netcom in Oct 2008 and obtained WCDMA license in Jan 2009. The company offers mobile phone services, operates domestic and international landline network, an
26、d provides broadband multimedia services and IP telephony and value-added services. China Netcom was acquired by China Unicom in Oct 2008. China Satcom is formerly licensed to engage in all kind of satellite related services such as transponder lease, domestic television broadcasting, public Very Sm
27、all Antenna Aperture (VSAT) communications, video conferencing, data broadcasting, IP telephony and satellite based high-speed Internet access.6 In March 2009, the company officially announced its basic telephone services (excluding satellite transponder lease and sales) were merged with China Telec
28、om. The other part, satellite related services will be merged with China DBSAT, (Chinese: 中国直播卫星有限公司). 中国电信产业简介本文讨论了中国大陆的电信产业。香港和澳门，参照在香港和澳门的通讯。中华人民共和国对台湾(中国),参照在中华民国境内的通讯。中国电信行业通过三官方主导中国电信业务:中国电信，中国联通和中国移动。这三家公司通过由二八年五月信息部、国民国家发展和改革委员会,财政部长最近发起的革命和重组形成。从那时起,所有这三家公司获得执照和从事3G固定电话和移动电话在中国的业务形成。 由于2001
29、年中国加入世界贸易组织(WTO),一个新的监管体制正在建立，外国运营商正逐渐被允许进入市场。虽然中国的顾客在抱怨说接受客户lower-quality产品和服务,比在美国或欧洲他们需要支付更高价格,外国游客经常觉得电信服务在中国是便宜又方便。引文需要作为中国第一代移动通讯设备市场，它充斥着欧洲和北美的公司,因为这个独特的特征，移动通信、中国移动通信设备的需求是靠进口。然而，中国汽车制造商的迅速崛起, ,为华为和中兴转向南美、东南亚和非洲国家和日益提高其在中国的市场份额提供了商机。2009年，华为公司预计将超过Nokia-Siemens网络和Alcatel-Lucent成为第二大电信设备制造商。在
30、2005年,中国信息产业部(信息),最重要的政府监管部门在电信行业将投资250亿美元招募固定电话4500万用户为中国电信运营商,手机用户达到5800万。信息产业部预期的固定电话用户达到361亿和普及率达到27.6%,2005年年底的数量达到392亿手机用户和钻井速度的30%。这样的投资,中国电信运营商希望产生收入为76.5亿元,比上年增长10.4%,2004年。作为Aug-2009,一共720million手机使用户的活跃,代表着普及率54%的人口。中国电信行业的增长速度在1997年至2002年间,大约是20%。在过去几年，中国固定电话和移动电话运营商平均投入25亿美元在网络基础设施，,将超过
31、所有西方欧洲航空公司的总和。作为结果,13亿公民将是中国拥有世界上最大的固定电话和移动电话网络的网络容量和数量的用户。只有1 / 10的中国公民有电话那是五年前的事了。今天超过三分之一的用户有一个固定电话，手机用户订购超过125万。2001年12月11日，中国加入世界贸易组织(WTO),导致逐步开放电信市场的外国公司的增多。中国的两个移动运营商中国移动、中国联通,还将继续扩大他们的移动网络,2005年，在某种程度上,不仅可以增加网络覆盖率，同时,也灵活性的提供了更多的数据服务的客户。他们将有很大的需求量，特别是开关和网络基站的优化方案。编辑历史概要1994年以前,邮电部门提供电信服务(MTP)
32、通过操作中国电信。在其他部门的压力下,中国政府的反对，才正式开始了中国电信行业的改革。在1994年被引入一种新的竞争者:中国联通。中国联通几乎无法与巨型中国电信竞争。在1998年,由于行政，MTP被新的信息产业部重组。信息产业部花了两个大型改进低效state-monopoly目标的措施。在1999年中国电信业务第一次分裂重组的部分(固定、移动和卫星)。中国移动,中国卫通被创造的运行,移动和satell但中国电信行业仍是一个垄断的固定电话服务。在2002年第二个重组分裂：中国电信的地理位置由南到北:中国电信保持30%的网络资源,形成了中国网通(CNC)和70%的资源都被聘用为简单的新职务。同样的
33、双重裂变, 在2000年电信分工铁道部主管、建立了一个新的成员:中国铁通。这些资源包括2,200,000公里长的全国性的光纤网络、基于异步传输模式(ATM)、同步数字等级(SDH)和密集波分复用(密集波分复用)技术和几个海底电缆,尤其是与美国、日本、德国和俄罗斯合作。综上所述,在过去的十年中,中国电信行业已经历了从国营独占结构到国营寡占型结构的转变。在2008年5月,信息产业部、国家发改委和财政部长宣布第三重组方案并推出3G牌照。其后便迅速发展，中国电信运营商在收缩有线用户面临着严峻的竞争和挑战。移动业务也在快速增长, 服务运营商也存在巨大差距。第三个革命是把六个主要电信运营商的发展分为3G业
34、务和电信服务,并避免垄断和竞争。电信运营商手机产业在中国2009年的中国电信运营商有两个固定电话运营商中国电信与全国性的执照,和中国联通中国电信(移动运营商中国CDMA2000 CDMA和GSM移动,td - scdma)和中国联通,(GSM和WCDMA)。中国电信是其中一个最大的电信国有企业，在中国,包括近31自治省级企业。land-line和移动电话网络操作系统,并提供电信网络倪语音、数据、多媒体技术和信息服务。2008年,公司收购中国联通的CDMA网络。另一个焦点是基于工业以太网和ADSL宽带上网。中国电信公司将于2009年1月拥有3G许可证、CDMA2000。中国移动通信服务不仅基本操作而且增值服务也通用分组无线业务(GPRS)数据传输,td - scdma网络、IP电话和多媒体。它在世界是排名第一的网络规模及客户群。中国联通合并,在10月份中国网通合并获得许可。在2008年1月26 WCDMA)，电信公司提供移动电话服务、经营国际和国内有线网络,提供宽带多媒体服务和IP电话和增值服务。2008年10月1日，中国网通取得中国联通的经营许可权。中国卫通许可从事各类卫星相关服务,如发射器租赁、国内的电视广播、公共天线孔径(VSAT)通信、视频会议、数据广播、IP电话和卫星以高速的互联网接入速度等服务。在2009年3月,公司正式宣布其基本的电话服务(不含人造卫星转发器租赁)。
