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1、Globalization and Industry Agglomeration in ChinaSummaryThis paper investigates the linkage between globalization and industry agglomeration in China. The results indicate that the degree of industry agglomeration has significantly increased from 1985 to 2005. Foreign trade and foreign direct invest
2、ment are closely related to industry agglomeration in China. Industries dependent on foreign trade and foreign investment tend to locate in regions with easy access to foreign markets. Export-oriented and foreign-invested industries have a higher degree of agglomeration than other industries. Introd
3、uction New economic geography theories have shed some light on the linkage between globalization and domestic inequality: openness to foreign trade and investment may foster a spatial concentration of industry and thus enlarge the disparity in regional industry structure. According to his spatial ag
4、glomeration model, “With a geographic advantage in international trade, the coast becomes the initial location for industrial agglomeration and its leadership becomes strengthened by the positive feedback mechanism from the increasing return to scales” (Hu, 2002, p. 311). This implies a potential li
5、nkage between globalization, industry agglomeration, and regional inequality: globalization changes the internal geography, and the resulting industry agglomeration contributes to the rise in regional inequality.This paper provides the empirical evidences supporting the close linkage between globali
6、zation and industry agglomeration: first, we show that the degree of industry agglomeration in China has significantly increased from 1985 to 2005. Exporters and foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) are more geographically concentrated than other enterprises. Second, we investigate the determinants o
7、f industry location and the results indicate that foreign trade and FDI significantly affect industry location. Industries relying heavily on foreign trade and FDI have a high industry share in regions with easy access to sea transportation. Our results also lead some support to the resource endowme
8、nt theory: agriculture endowment and skill endowment are important concerns in industry location decisions. Third, we investigate the determinants of industry agglomeration and show that export intensity and the presence of foreign investment have a significant and positive effect on the degree of i
9、ndustry agglomeration. 2. Increasing industry agglomeration in ChinaTo investigate how globalization is related to industry agglomeration, we compare the degree of agglomeration of exporters and FIEs with average level of total enterprises. Figure 1 describes the trend of industry average of Ellison
10、Glaeser index for all manufacturing enterprises, exporters and FIEs. There are two basic messages: first, the degree of agglomeration of exporters and FIEs is almost double the one of total enterprises. Both the exporters and FIEs tend to be more geographically concentrated than other enterprises. S
11、econd, the agglomeration of exporters and FIEs has significantly increased over time during the period 19982005. While this comparison may imply some linkage between globalization and industry agglomeration, it is at most suggestive and we need to control other important determining factors of indus
12、try agglomeration. 4. Determinants of industry agglomerationColumns 2 and 3 report the estimation results where export intensity and foreign ownership enter the regression separately. These results suggest that export intensity has a positive and significant effect on industry agglomeration. The mor
13、e the industry relies on export, the more concentrated it appears, which stresses the importance of the role played by trade-related agglomeration. The presence of foreign ownership has an insignificant effect on industry agglomeration. The presence of state ownership has a significant and negative
14、effect on industrial agglomeration, which implies that the degree of concentration is low for industries with a high share of state ownership. The estimated coefficient of industry scale is significantly positive, which suggests the degree of concentration is high for the large-scale industries. The
15、 estimated coefficient of tax-plus-profit margin is significant and negative, which implies that the industries with a high tax-plus-profit margin have a low degree of concentration.Second, there is a potential endogeneity bias since industry agglomeration may possibly affect the export propensity o
16、f industry. The geographic concentration of exporters or multinational enterprises may reduce the cost of foreign market entry for nearby domestic firms through several mechanisms such as knowledge spillovers and the construction of an export-related infrastructure. This positive spillover effect is
17、 identified by several empirical studies. For example, Aitken, Hanson, and Harrison (1997) found that the presence of multinational exporters in same state and industry increases the probability of exporting by Mexican firms. Clerides, Lauch, and Tybout (1998) also found that the presence of other e
18、xporters in the same regions makes it easier for domestic firms to enter foreign markets.The results of system GMM model are reported in Columns 57 in Table 6. The estimated coefficient of lagged EllisonGlaser index is significant and positive, which implies that industry agglomeration depends highl
19、y on history and responses slowly to the changes in industrial characteristics. The coefficients of both export intensity and foreign ownership are positive and significant at 1% level. This implies that industries dependent on foreign trade and foreign investment have a high degree of agglomeration
20、. State ownership and tax-plus-profit margin have significant and negative effects on the degree of agglomeration. Industry scale has a significant and positive effect on industry agglomeration. In summary, these evidences support the hypothesis that globalization has a significant impact on industr
21、y agglomeration in China. Export-oriented and foreign-invested industries have higher degree of agglomeration than other industries. Our results are also consistent with the evidences in Bai et al. (2004) supporting scale economy and the stronger local government protection in industries with higher
22、 state ownership and tax-plus-profit margin.5. ConclusionThis paper provides empirical evidences supporting the close linkage between globalization and industry agglomeration in China. First, our study shows that there is an upward trend in the degree of industry agglomeration during the period 1985
23、2005, and the exporters and foreign-invested enterprises tend to be more geographically concentrated than other enterprises. Second, we investigate the determinants of industry location and find that export-oriented and foreign-invested industries tend to locate in regions with easy access to foreig
24、n markets. Third, export-oriented and foreign-invested industries have higher degree of agglomerations than other industries. Our results also lead some support to the resource endowment theory, scale economy, and local protection approach.翻译：中国的全球化和产业集聚摘要 本文研究了中国的全球化和产业集聚之间的关系。结果指出，从1985年到 2005年，中国
25、的产业集聚有显著增加。依赖于对外贸易和外商直接投资的产业，在选择地理位置时，趋向于选择容易进入国外市场的位置。与其他产业相比较，出口导向型和外商投资型产业有更大程度的集聚性。引言 新经济地理理论给我们研究全球化和国内不平衡带来了启示：对外贸易的开放和外商直接投资会导致产业的集聚，从而增大区域产业结构不平衡。依照他的空间集聚模型, “考虑到国际贸易中的地理优势，沿海地区成了产业集聚的始源地，同时，受益于规模报酬递增，这些地区的领导地位有所增强。”（(Hu, 2002, p. 311)。这些表明：全球化，产业集聚和区域不平衡间有潜在的关联。全球化改变了内在地理学，致使产业集聚加深区域不平衡。 本文
26、提供理论上的证据来证明：全球化和产业集聚之间有密切的联系。首先，我们发现，从1985年到2005年，中国的产业集聚有明显的增强。和其他企业相比较，出口型和外商直接投资型的企业地理集中更加显著。其次，我们研究了产业地理位置的决定因素。结果显示：对外贸易和外商直接投资显著地影响产业位置。大部分依赖于对外贸易和外商直接投资的产业都在方便海运的地方。我们的结果也支持了要素禀赋理论：农业要素禀赋和技术要素禀赋在决定产业确定地理位置中，有决定作用。再次，我们研究了产业集聚的决定因素，结果表明出口强度和外商直接投资的存在，对产业集聚的程度有显著的积极的影响。提高中国产业集聚 为了探讨全球化与产业聚集的联系，
27、我们把出口商和外商投资企业的集聚程度和所有企业的平均水平做了比较。图1用埃利森-格兰泽平均指数描述了的所有生产企业，出口企业和外商投资企业的产业平均趋势。有两个基本信息：第一，出口商和外商投资企业集聚程度几乎是其他所有企业的两倍。所有的出口企业和外商投资企业往往在地域上比其他企业集中。第二，在1998-2005年期间，出口商和外商投资企业集聚大大增加。这可能意味着一些全球化和产业集聚之间的联系，它也在暗示，我们需要控制其他重要决定产业集聚的因素。产业集聚的决定因素 专栏 2 和 3 报告出口强度和外商投资单独回归的估计结果。这些结果表明，出口强度对产业集聚有显著的积极的影响。一个产业越是依赖于
28、出口，这个产业越会出现集聚。这也强调了贸易相关集聚的重要性。外商所有权的存在对产业集聚也有显著的影响，这也暗示着，对于那些国有股份比例高的公司而言，他们的产业集聚就比较低。那些产业规模系数也有显著的积极作用，这表明大规模的产业的产业聚集度高。边际利润水平也有显著的负面影响，也意味着一个边际利润税收高的产业，它的产业集聚就比较低。第二，有一个潜在的内生性偏差，因为产业集聚可能影响到行业出口的倾向。出口商的或跨国企业的地理集中可以通过诸如知识溢出和与出口有关的基础设施建设的若干机制，为附近的国内企业进入海外市场减少成本。这种积极的溢出效应也有一些实证研究。例如，Aitken, Hanson, an
29、d Harrison (1997) 发现，墨西哥多个出口商集中在同一国家和行业增加了出口企业存在的可能性。Clerides, Lauch, and Tybout (1998)也发现其他出口商在同一地区的存在使国内企业更容易进入外国市场。 GMM的系统模型研究结果在表6的5-7列。估计滞后埃利森-格拉泽指数系数是重要和积极的，这意味着产业集聚高度依赖历史，但对产业特征的变化反应慢。同时出口和外国所有权的强度系数是积极的，在1的显著水平。这意味着，依赖于对外贸易和外商直接投资的产业，具有高度的集聚。国家所有权和税收加利润对集聚程度有显著的负面影响。产业规模对产业集聚有一个显着的积极的作用。总之，这
30、些证据支持这一假设：全球化对中国产业的集聚产生重大影响。出口导向和外商投资的产业有比其他产业更高的集聚度。我们的结果也与Bai et al. (2004) 的研究结果是一致的。 他的结论是：规模经济和较强的当地政府保护有更高的所有制和税收加工业利润率。结论 本文提供了支持全球化与中国之间的产业集聚紧密联系的经验证据。首先，我们的研究表明，在1985-2005年期间，产业集聚度呈上升趋势，而出口和外商投资企业往往在地域上比其他企业集中。第二，我们探讨工业区位的决定因素，发现出口导向和外商投资工业趋向定位在容易进入外国市场的地区。第三，出口导向型和外商投资的产业有比其他产业更高的集聚程度。我们的研
31、究结果也是对资源禀赋理论，经济规模，地方保护的支持的支持。 全球化引起的集聚可能通过以下多种渠道影响地区差距：第一，加大对区域产业结构的差距可能会扩大地区收入差距。其次，产业集聚可以产生积极的外部区域，从而促进区域生产力，产生区域差距。集聚经济的影响有几种可能的来源，如知识外溢，劳动力市场密集，输入共享和国内市场的影响。一个大机构的实证研究已经确定了聚集经济的存在：集聚可以提高生产力(Henderson, 2003) 和就业增长（(Glaeser et al., 1992 and Henderson et al., 1995), 增加地区工资差距 (Wheaton & Lewis, 2002)
32、和各区域的土地租金差距 (Dekle & Eaton, 1999)。第三，过去的研究显示，出口商和外国公司具有更高的生产率，并支付高于国内其他企业的工资Aitken et al., 1996, Bernard and Jensen, 1999, Globerman et al., 1994, Schank et al., 2007 and Yasar and Paul, 2007). 。出口商和外国企业在沿海地区集聚将扩大沿海的内陆生产率差距和工资差距。第四，全球化和产业集聚可能是密切相关的人口分布变化。产业集聚产生强烈沿海地区劳动力需求，因此吸引了来自内陆地区的民工。以往的研究表明，中国已逐步放宽，在经济改革内部迁移控制，大量的人口已经从内陆地区向沿海地区迁移(Chan and Zhang, 1999 and Wang, 2004)。这些强化移民活动，但是，都没有得到足够的缩小地区收入差距(Chan and Zhang, 1999 和Wang, 2004)。
