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1、Chapter 3,Oral Communication,Main contents,Oral delivery skillsStrategies for successful listening Strategies for successful speakingSeveral oral communication forms,Oral delivery skills,Pitch 音调：The pitch should be varied.falling pitch conveys certainty and rising pitch uncertainty.Rate 语速：Proper p
2、ause between major thought groups.Volume 音量：contrast in emphasis and controlled breathingVocal quality 音质：relax the throat.Negative-husky,throaty,weak,shrill,muffled Positive-mellow,gentle,silvery,serene,cheerful,How to improve listening skills,Be prepared:learn something about the topic,speaker,aud
3、ience and the situation in advance.Listen to understand,not refute:As someone once advised,Grow antennae,not horns.Focus your mind:Make sure your mind is focused,no wondering!Pay special attention to statements that begin with phrases such as My point is.or The thing to remember is.,How to improve l
4、istening skills,Take notes:Jot down ideas.Do not interrupt:Let yourself finish listening before you begin to speak!Summarize and evaluate:Take what you have heard and understand it in your own way.Do you believe what you have heard?,Listening Practice,What are the main ideas of the speakers?Do you a
5、gree with them?,Listening tips,Attending tactics:Be alert to your body language:What you do with your eyes,face,hands,arms,legs,and posture sends out signals as to whether you are,or arent,listening to and understanding what the other person is saying.Think about:Glancing sideways/Sighing/Yawning/Fr
6、owning/Crossing arms on chest/Looking at the ceiling/Cleaning fingernails/Cracking knuckles,Listening tips,Encouraging tactics:Give feedback.Sit up straight and look directly at the speaker.Now and then,nod to show that you understand.At appropriate points you may also smile,frown,laugh,or be silent
7、.These are all ways to let the speaker know that you are really listening.Remember,you listen with your face as well as your ears!Ask questions:door openers and open-ended questions You look upset.Care to talk about it?,Listening tips,Following tactics:Note-taking or recording if necessaryParaphrase
8、 what you heard.,Strategies for successful speaking,Purposes of speaking：General purpose-informative or persuasiveSpecific purpose-precise objectiveAudience analysisOrganization of Speaking,Purposes of speaking,Basically,there are two types of speeches.The informative speech and the persuasive speec
9、h.There are four general purposes on informative speaking:informing the audience,increases the audiences understanding of the topic,encouraging audience to remember what youve informed them,and inviting the audience to apply the information as quickly as possible.,Purposes of speaking,A persuasive s
10、peech is often an argument disguised as an informative speech.True,you are giving information as in the informative speech,but your agenda is to entice someone to your point of view.There are three types of persuasive speeches:The speech to inspire,the speech to convince,and the speech to actuate a
11、change in a persons behaviors or actions.,Strategies for successful speaking,Audience analysisTheir likes and dislikesDegree of knowledge of the topicTheir attitude:hostility?Gender and age Physical setting for the speechListening to the dialogue to understand how to be well-prepared for a good pres
12、entation.,Strategies for successful speaking,Organization of SpeakingIntroduction Body or discussionSummary or conclusion,Introduction,Opening statementAim Layout,Introductionopening statement,Starting off your speech with an attention-getter：Joke or good-natured story:An interesting communication s
13、tory isIll begin there.Quotation:“No man is an island”John Donne said.Thats the basic idea we promote in this company.Greet your audience sincerely:I thank you.Its good to be here.A startling statement:Last year we had the lowest turnover rate in the industry6%.Ask questions,Introductionaim and layo
14、ut,Aim:stating clearly and precisely the purpose of your presentationLet me state up front that our monthly meeting has one purpose:to summarize our positive operating results for the last period.Layout:giving an overview of your main points followedTo help you understand whyI will discuss,Listening
15、 practice,Listen to the following speech and answer the following questions:Who is the speaker?how does he/she start this speech?what is the aim or main purpose of the speech?what is the layout of the speech?,Body or discussion,Formats for informative speaking:By topical organizationBy chronological
16、 organizationBy cause to effect,Body or discussion,Format for persuasive speakingProblem-solution formatProve that one problem exists.The solution or recommendationThe benefits from the solutionSome supporting devices:examples,illustrations,statistics,quotations,comparisons(analogies),Listening prac
17、tice,Listen to the following speech and answer the following questions:Who are the speakers?Whats the problem they raised?What is the problem raised by the speaker?What supporting devices does he use?What are the expressions used to indicate the transition of a presentation?,Summary or conclusion,Su
18、mmary:put together the main points of you talk.Conclusion:draw inferences or judgments as based on your material,or make one last call to action.,Listening practice,How many points are concluded in the speech?And what are they?What are those expressions used to conclude?,Several oral communication f
19、orms,Job interview Telephone conversationBusiness meeting,Job interview,Prepare in advanceUnderstand yourselfKnow details about available positionDo homework on companyRehearse possible questionsSpeak with insiders,Job interview,Procedures during the job interviewGive positive first impression;offer
20、 a warm handshake;show a pleasant smileOrganize your ideas with data or evidence to support your pointsListen.Avoid confrontation.Ask thoughtful questionsFollow up:any specific action,additional information or a thank-you note desired?,Job interview,Negative impressions:Late arrival;Inattentive,with
21、drawn,tense,frowningChanging the subject,irrelevant response,long pause,generalize or excessive details,Job interview,Listen to a job interview conversation twice and rehearse similar roles with your partner.,Telephone English quiz,Choose the right answer to complete the sentence:1 When you pick up
22、the phone to call someone you hear a _.(ringer/dial tone/receiver).2 If Im not home leave a message on my_(directory/dial/answering machine).3 Sally must be talking to her mom because I have been getting a_(answer/chat/busy signal)for two hours.4 I never answer my_(cordless/cell phone/pay phone)whil
23、e Im driving.,Telephone English quiz,5 Im busy right now.Can you_(hang up/call back/telephone book)later?6 You have to _(answer/hang up/dial 0)for the operator.7 I have a_(receiver/busy signal/cordless)so I can do the dishes and chat at the same time.8 You will need a quarter or a phone card if you
24、want to use the_(cell phone/pay phone/pager).,Telephone conversation,Tips for telephone English:Polite greetings:Hi,howve you been?Nice to hear from you.Getting to the point:Im just calling to see if youd like to set up a meeting.So what can I do for you?,Telephone conversation,Tips for telephone En
25、glish:Interrupting without insult May I interrupt you for a second?I would like to say something here.Allow me to make a point.Confirming ActionPlease let me confirm.So,let me make sure Ive got things straight.,Telephone conversation,Tips for telephone English:Closing the call Well John,its been a p
26、leasure talking to you.Ill see you on Friday,then.,Useful telephone expressions,Introducing yourselfThis is Ken.Ken speakingAsking who is on the telephoneExcuse me,who is this?Can I ask who is calling,please?Asking for SomeoneCan I have extension 321?(extensions are internal numbers at a company)Cou
27、ld I speak to.?(Can I-more informal/May I-more formal)Is Jack in?(informal idiom meaning:Is Jack in the office?,Useful telephone expressions,Connecting SomeoneIll put you through(put through-phrasal verb meaning connect)Can you hold the line?Can you hold on a moment?How to reply when someone is not
28、availableIm afraid.is not available at the momentThe line is busy.(when the extension requested is being used)Mr Jackson isnt in.Mr Jackson is out at the moment.Taking a MessageCould(Can,May)I take a message?Could(Can,May)I tell him who is calling?Would you like to leave a message?,Telephone convers
29、ation,Considerations in international telephoningBe aware of time zones.Speak clearly considering language barrierRestate and summarize more often.Follow up the conversation with a letter or a fax.,Listening practice,Listen to the conversation and take messages.Listen to the conversation and paraphr
30、ase the appointment.,Role-play,Student A:You are a salesperson for Red Inc.You are telephoning a client who you think might be interested in buying your new line of office supplies.Discuss the following information with your client:New line of office supplies including:copy-paper,pens,stationary,mou
31、se-pads and white boards You know the customer hasnt ordered any new products during this past year Special discount of 15%for orders placed before next Monday Any order placed before Monday will not only receive the discount,but also have its company logo printed on the products at no extra charge
32、Student B:You work in an office and receive a telephone call from your local office supplier.As a matter fact,you need some new office supplies so you are definitely interested in what the salesperson has to offer.Talk about the following:New pens,stationary and white boards Do they have any special
33、 offers You would like to place an order for 200 packages of copy paper immediately,Business meeting,Preparation workSet the objectiveSelect the participantsArrange for meeting date,time,placeDistribute the announcement for the meetingCheck on the physical arrangements,Business meeting,Skills during
34、 the meetingOpening and closing skills Set the toneStart on timeExplain the agendaGet people to agree on ground rulesInvolve people earlyClose the meeting,Business meeting,During the meetingUse good listening skillsShow support for everyones right to speakAvoid dominance by any one or subgroupRelate
35、 to othersDont talk too much,Business meeting,Decision-makingBy one person or majority rule appliesBy consensusFollow-upSending out:Meeting minutesAction plan,Listening practice,What is the speakers comment on brainstorming?Whats the existing problem?And all the possible solutions?,Listening practic
36、e,What is the problem concerning the memos?Take the dictation as Mrs Dowson according to the dialogue.,Listening practice,Listen to the conversation and write relevant meeting minutes according to what you heard.Suggested template:Topics-Decisions-Actions Agreed Upon-Person responsible-Deadline-Next Meeting(if there is one)Date and Time-Location-Agenda items-,Thank you!,
