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1、 本科毕业论文 社会底层的底层 分析美国非裔妇女的社会地位学生姓名： 学生学号： 200320207132 院（系）： 外国语学院 年级专业： 2003级英语本科5班 指导教师： 二七年五月The Underclass in the UnderclassAnalysis of the Social Status of Todays Afro-American WomanLuo HuarongUnder the Supervision ofJiang TainingSchool of Foreign Languages and CulturesPanzhihua UniversityMay 20
2、07ContentsAbstract.IKey Words. I摘要.II关键词.IIIntroduction.1I. Straits of the Present-Day Black Women.2A. Dire Straits of the Black Men .2B. Straits of the Female .3C. Straits of Black Women .5II. Analysis of the Reasons for Black Womens Low Social Status.6A. Class Oppression.6B. Racial Discrimination
3、.7C. Gender Discrimination.8III. Methods of Helping Black Women out of Straits .10A. Recovery of Economic and Spiritual Independence .10B. Uniting Black Men and Women .11C. Eliminating Racial Problems.12Conclusion.14Acknowledgements.15Bibliography.16AbstractIt is known that the blacks were discrimin
4、ated and oppressed in American history. Their basic rights were nearly deprived in one century, so the blacks were the earliest ones who rose up in revolt and fought for freedom and equality. In recent years, the blacks have gained relatively equal rights by their persevering efforts. But it doesnt
5、mean they are out of plights and get rid of status of vulnerable group. Female, as another vulnerable group in USA, still cant be free from the discrimination. With the emergence of the concept of human rights, women made great efforts to get their equal rights in the society, in a certain extent, t
6、hey have made some achievements, and nowadays, those female rights have been displayed by the law after the Womens Movement.In spite of the rapid social development, the black women in the United States, as both black people and female, are still discriminated by the whites, though they have made gr
7、eat contributions to the nation. Through analysis of the social status of todays black woman, readers can understand the hardship of black women better. At the same time, it tells us no matter what is the color of skin, women should be respected by everyone.Key WordsBlack women; racial discriminatio
8、n; gender discrimination; class oppression摘要在美国历史上，受歧视和压迫最深的，首推是黑人。在长达一世纪的时间里，黑人被剥夺了公民的基本权利，因此黑人也是最早起来争取自由和平等的。近年来，黑人通过不懈的努力已经获得相对平等的权利，但这并不意味着他们已经走出困境，摆脱了弱势群体的地位。女性作为美国历史上的另一个弱势群体，她们仍然摆脱不了被歧视的遭遇。伴随着人权观念的产生，妇女为争取自己在社会上的平等权利，进行了长期不懈的斗争和努力，在某种程度上，也取得了一定的成效。我们知道从女权运动后，妇女的权利得到了法律的保证。尽管社会迅速发展，作为黑人和妇女双重地位
9、的美国黑人妇女也曾为美国做出了巨大的贡献，但仍摆脱不了被白人歧视的命运。本论文通过分析黑人女性当今的社会地位，读者能更好的理解黑人女性的艰辛，与此同时告诉我们不论什么皮肤的女性都应受到尊重。关键词黑人女性；种族歧视；性别歧视；阶级压迫IntroductionWith the social development in the 21st century, it seems out-of-date to continue an exploration for the female problems, such as rights and plights. But when asked about
10、the situation of black women, on most of peoples minds, black women in the America keep mysterious all the time, it seems as if they are far from the brilliant females world. In fact, this standpoint is not correct.Being the first black Congress woman in the U.S. history, Shirley Chisholm, presents
11、a true picture of the two major social problems in the U.S. from her personal experience. They are racial discrimination and sexual discrimination. The article Id Rather Be Black than Female written by Shirley Chisholm aims at raising the publics awareness of sexual inequality for women. From it we
12、can know that the black womens conditions are not optimistic.As both female and blacks, the black women have their own characters. On the one hand, they are tormented by social ostracism as a female. On the other hand, they are under the control of black men. A black feminist has once written that t
13、hey are the tokenism in the black peoples world, and they become the tokenism in the female world. Thats to say, the black women as a vulnerable group in society are always neglected. They are just as token women even if they are mentioned sometimes. All of those anguishes are produced by the outsid
14、e world, so they cannot blindly bear it, on the contrary, they should fight bravely for freedom, independence and human rights.With these reasons and the reality of the black women, there are lots of people who are paying more attention to them. In addition, the researches on black women are scarce
15、presently in our country, the black women become a new and old topic from this angle.I. Straits of the Present-Day Black WomenA. Dire Straits of the Black MenThere are 26 million black people in the United States. Many of them are descendants of black slaves who were captured from Africa and sold to
16、 America by European colonists hundreds years ago. When it comes to black peoples history, it is not only a history of blood and tears, but also the history of enduring. Since Afro-Americans were sold to America, and they worked for the white people, laboring like horses on the land of the white Ame
17、ricans without any freedom and rights. Their basic rights were totally deprived in about one century, so the blacks were the first people who rose up in revolt and fought for freedom and equality. Eventually, they won their “independence” with their own persevering efforts.The Civil War appeared to
18、have enlightened many Americans and created a truly equal country for everyone. In 1863 President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation freeing all slaves in the United States. At the end of the Civil Rights Act, the white people had to adjust to desegregation and in some cases, were
19、forced to desegregate. At that time, most of blacks thought that they had became free, however, this was not the end of their plights.It is one hundred years since this decree was signed, however, the life of blacks was still “sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimin
20、ation.” On August 28, 1963, a quarter of a million people of all races came to Washington D. C. to show their support for freedom and justice for all Americans, and for black people in particular. At that demonstration Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his famous speech, widely regarded as the most
21、eloquent statement of the black peoples dreams and aspirations ever made. Dr. King told the world, “I have a dream” that equality would come “to all of Gods children.” He said he wanted everyone to be able to “join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, Free at last! Free at last! T
22、hank god almighty, we are free at last!”(Xu, 2004:311)At present, the black peoples social status has been gradually improved in recent years. For example, Conlin Powel, a black man, got a successful treatment. Just like a coin has two sides, not everyone will have so lucky a chance.Today, although
23、the blacks have got rid of the endured fate, there is still a major problem between the whites and the blacks. Thats racial discrimination. For example, the blacks couldnt take one bus with the blacks. What is more, the white people dont rent the houses to the blacks.In politics, blacks account for
24、13 percent of the American population, but are able to win only 5% of the public posts through election. The fact is that few black people are able to join the police force and even fewer serve as senior police officers. In economy and education, the blacks also make some progresses, but the range i
25、s yet small, which doesnt account for one-third of American population. The rate cannot match with the total population of the blacks. Half of all black men in New York City cant find a job, while black teenage unemployment stands at 37% nationwide. Many black children are brought up in the same wes
26、ternized culture but are considered culturally different because of their skin color. And the white children have their own school where the blacks cannot be allowed to study in.Racism, not criminal records, explains the high unemployment rate for Black men. A recent Wall Street Journal report showe
27、d that in the city of Milwaukee, a white job applicant with a criminal record has a better chance of being called for an interview than a Black man with no criminal record.It is self-evidence that the black people in America are discriminated though the America advocates equality. It is a long strug
28、gle to eliminate the discrimination against the blacks.B. Straits of the FemaleIf the people say that being black is a greater handicap than being a woman, probably no one would doubt. Everybody knows，the black peoples suffering is unquestionable in a long history. However, Shirley Chisholm, the fir
29、st African American woman elected to Congress, says being black is much less of a drawback than being female. As both a woman and a black pursuing a political career, Chisholm faced more obstacles than others. But, thats funny-she found that she encountered greater prejudice as a woman than as an Af
30、rican American. It goes without saying; the prejudice for women is more than black people. Because women are inferior to men, lack of education and so on, which caused the mens dominated status in their families.America is a country advocating freedom and human rights, which means that everyone is e
31、qual. And the phenomena in the life also show the female have priority. For example, in the street the male will let the female walk first. When the male talks about something in public, they always say ladies and then say gentlemen. Conversely, current situation reveals cases about women in America
32、 suffered discrimination from the white men and the black men.In politics, the female didnt have the suffrage. Opinion polls are also now beginning to show many elector express that, they dont like female to be president, so that it is impossible to vote for female candidates in 2008 presidents vote
33、 whatever party they represent. Almost 70% America voters think the Democratic Partys Hillary Rodham Clinton, wont win in that vote. Nearly 80% voters consider Republic Partys Condoleezza Rice, who is the U.S. Secretary of State, has no chance getting the voters supports. It also shows she couldnt g
34、et most of voters support. It can be easily evidenced that the gender is the reason which causes this result.In the economy, the female are dependent on the male, even if they find some jobs, their salary is less than the males. The major reason is that the boss considers the male stronger than fema
35、le and the female only adapt to housework. According to the investigation, the men and the women who have the same education and abilities to do the same job, if the mens salary is 1 dollar every hour, the womens salary is only 0.77 dollar. Comparing the womens pay with mens, youll find the womens i
36、s decreased by 1/3. This condition exists in every profession, such as low salary cleaners and high salary lawyers. After one year, the difference is between 0.7 million to 2 million dollar. In spite of this, the women work hard all the time.So people cannot only look at the surface of the things. T
37、he female has been liberated in the law, however, they dont reach the level of equality in the life.C. Straits of Black WomenThe blacks only need to get through the racial discrimination if they want to gain equality. And the white females need to be approved by white males. Surely, both of them are
38、 not an easy thing.With the double identity of the black and female, the black women have their own particularities. In male-dominated families, the black women are inferior to black men. Most black women lack of education and courage so that they dont dare to oppose the strong male, which causes th
39、e black female to be under the control of the black men all the time. In the white dominated society, the black women as the lower-grade race are looked down upon by white men. Whats the worse, the white females dont show their sympathy to the black women though both of them have the similar destina
40、tion in male-dominated society. Therefore, the black women are isolated, which is just like a black feminist writing that the black women are the tokenism in the black peoples world, but become the tokenism in the female world. Thats to say, the black women as a vulnerable group in society are alway
41、s neglected. In the ethnic conflicts, the white men and black men are protagonists, and in the sexual conflicts the protagonists are white men and women. The black women are just token women even if they are mentioned sometimes. So, if the black women want to change the condition, they must have gre
42、at courage to overcome the racial discrimination and gender discrimination.Recovery of identity is the black womens goal, which is to be achieved gradually and with the help from the black women community. In the past, the black female could do one thing which is clean the room in the family. Howeve
43、r, the black women today can be bosses, astronauts, headmistresses and so on. The black women are walking to success gradually in many fields. But it doesnt mean the black women have entered into the upper society and they are out of vulnerable group. In fact, their income is still less than mens an
44、d nearly 14% black women are still under the poverty line. Moreover, the black women must work hard after graduation to be promoted. For most black females, endeavor is an endless work. A professor has said that no person helps you and you must work hard by yourself, even if someone would help you,
45、the door is quickly closed. The black females in United States think women must go to the university or read books more and more because theres nobody supporting themselves or bringing up their children.In short, the black womens conditions are not optimistic as some people thought.II. Analysis of t
46、he Reasons for Black Womens Low Social StatusA. Class OppressionThe history of African Americans has been a history of exploitation, social inequality, and discrimination. From the beginning of slavery in British North America around 1619, when a Dutch ship brought 20 enslaved Africans to the Virginia colony at Jamestown, nearly 240 years passed until the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution officially end
