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1、论文正文段落，首行缩进4个字母，Times New Roman字体，小四号，1.25倍行距首行居中，小二号字，粗体Introduction空一行Although literary translation as an activity is as old as any cultural activity that man has known, literary translation as an academic discipline is of recent origin. It is generally believed that it began with James Holmes, wh
2、o made the founding statement in his paper entitled “The Name and Nature of Translation Studies” which he presented in 1972 at the Third International Congress of Applied Linguistics in Copenhagen. (James Holmes, 1972:55)Literary translation plays an indispensable and irreplaceable role in communica
3、tion across language and cultures. As far as its basic definition is concerned, the major task of literary translation is to turn the cultural content in one language into another, so whether it is faithful or not largely depends on the degrees of the translators grasp of the two languages and the s
4、ubtle difference of the cultural content expressed in the languages. Thus literary translation will inevitably encounter the problem of culture and its representations. To deal with this problem, theorists have come up with two kinds of approaches that have aroused heated debates. This thesis sets o
5、ut to study the two strategies on literary translation across the linguistic and cultural differences: one is domestication and the other is foreignization.Domestication refers to target-language-culture-oriented translation in which expressions acceptable in target language culture are exploited in
6、 order to make the translated texts intelligible and suitable for the target text readers. Foreignization is source-language-culture-oriented translation, which strives to preserve as much as possible the original flavor in order to retain the foreignness of the source language culture.There exist c
7、onflicting opinions on the choosing of these two literary translation strategies in western and Chinese translation field. In western countries, Goethe brings up these two literary translation strategies first. The same idea is held by the 19th-century linguists such as Humboldt, Schlegel, Schleierm
8、acher. They considered each language immeasurable in its own individuality. Lawrence Venuti coined two terms domesticating translation and foreignizing translation on describes the two different translation strategies.The terms may be new to the Chinese, but the concepts they carry have been at leas
9、t for a century at the heart of most translation controversies. Lu Xun once said that “before translating, the translator has to make a decision: either to adapt the original text or to retain as much as possible the foreign flavor of the original text”. (Luo Xinzhang, 1984:315) On the threshold of
10、the 21st century, application of these theories to studying domestication and foreignization becomes popular and stimulates another round of dispute over the two strategies. The new round of discussion begins to shift its focus from which strategy is better to which one should be the dominant strate
11、gy in the current literary translation in China. For example, Sun Zhili call for the dominance of foreignization while Cai Ping etc., call for dominance of domestication. Since literary translation is where the dispute of domestication and foreignization most often arises, this study will mainly foc
12、us on the choice of strategies in literary translation while touching upon the translation of other subject matters. This study, with its tentative characteristic, is not intended to give a final answer to this controversy but rather to provide some implications for the handling of the two strategie
13、s in actual practice and the further study of them.首行居中，小二号字，粗体，章的标号后不加点，以下各章均另起一页。1 Literary Translation Studies空一行Literary translation, traditionally denigrated as a second-rate or second-hand activity, is being seen as a unique form of creativity and an act of research. So in this thesis, if we w
14、ant to discuss the literary translation strategies, we should well know what literary translation is and what the differences between literary translation and non-literary translation are.二级标题与正文首字对齐，上下各空一行，小三号字，粗体1.1 Definition of Literary Translation Mao Dun says, “Literary translation is to repro
15、duce in another language the artistic images of the original work so that the reader of the translation may be inspired, moved and aesthetically entertained in the same way as he would in reading the original” (Luo Xinzhang, 1984:511). As the name implies, literary translation is the translation of
16、literature or other artistic texts such as film scripts, dramatic texts or music lyrics, as opposed to the translation of explanatory prose such as information pamphlets, technical manuals, records, scientific papers, legal documents and the like. This is not mean to be an exhaustive definition, and
17、 of course, there will be always be borderline cases where it could be difficult to draw a clear line between literary translation and other kinds of translation, but for the purpose of this paper, this definition will suffice.1.2 The Debate over Literary Translation and Non-literary TranslationTran
18、slation can be roughly divided into literary translation and non-literary translation. This is not an adequate division, but it serves the purpose of the present study. The division is obviously based on text types, for translation is generally believed to be a text-oriented event. Many theorists ha
19、ve divided texts according to subject matter, and some others prefer to divide them according to the functions of the language.当新节或小节位于一页的最后一行时，串到下一页.1.2.1 Difference in artistic natureLiterature is a kind of art, or the art of language, to be specific; so literary translation is also the art of lan
20、guage. In a literary text, artistic values are generated by linguistic forms, which convey the authors vision, tone and attitude; which embody the mingling or shifting of points of view; which add to the affective or emotive force of the message which contribute to characterization and make fictiona
21、l reality function more effectively in the thematic unity. Generally speaking, the task of literary translation is to tender logical images or artistic images of actual life involved in the original from one language to another.Literary translation is more a bilingual art than a bilingual craft. Acc
22、ording to A.S. Push kin, the aim of literary translation is to reproduce an artistic work. (Bassnatt, M.Suan, 1991:14) The translator must first understand the content and style of the original thoroughly and profoundly, and then creatively and accurately reproduce it in the target language. Some sc
23、holars even consider literary translation part of the study of comparative literature. The primary difference between literary translation and other forms of translation is the question of artistic merit. While the form and the register are important even in non-literary translation, e.g. the accept
24、ed high register and specific form characteristic of scientific discourse may be required in an article for a professional journal, literary style and artistic merit are not usually important considerations.1.2.2Difference in target readersDifferent texts are meant for different readers, so are diff
25、erent translations. “The target audience for which a translation is made almost always constitutes a major factor in determining the translation procedures and the level of language to be employed” (Nida, 2001:102). It is beyond all doubt that language should match its readers. Non-literary translat
26、ions are, as a rule, made for experts in a particular field, i.e. for a rather homogeneous group of readers who want to inform themselves about new developments and results in science and technology. What they demand of a translation in their field is the information conveyed by the language rather
27、than the language proper. Besides, they are normally captive. Thats why some non-literary papers and books are poorly translated.Literary translations, however, are not intended for a particular target group. They have a much larger readership, ranging from common readers to literature critics or tr
28、anslation scholars. In effect, anyone with enough reading knowledge is a prospective reader, who is free to choose and buy what is not only intelligible but appreciated because of its stylistic features, the need for more adequate translating is obvious. It often defeats a literary translator to sat
29、isfy readers with different tastes and at different levels. Hence literary translation is a more demanding job.另起一页，首行居中，小二号字，粗体2 Linguistic and Cultural Differences in LiteraryTranslation Linguistic and cultural differences are the key terms in the discussion of literary translation. To discuss the
30、 two translation strategies, a translator needs, first of all, to have a correct understanding of linguistic and cultural differences.2.1 Language and Culture另起一页，首行居中，小二号字，粗体Conclusion空一行Since culture influences language and language in turn reflects culture, the transmission of linguistic and cult
31、ural differences in literary translation is an obligatory task. The transfer of cultural elements is made possible on the basis of mutual intelligibility between people in different cultures. However, confronted with two strikingly different language-culture systems like English and Chinese, the tra
32、nslator is expected to translate by narrowing the cultural gaps. He has to bear in mind the translators dual role as a bilinguist and a biculturalist and the cultural functions of literary translation. It is a significant task for the translator to introduce the source cultural elements, that is, th
33、e culture specific words, expressions and some special rhetoric devices unique to the source language system. At the same time, it is also the translators task to ensure that his translation is intelligible and acceptable to the reader. To fulfill the goals proposed above, the translator has to find
34、 a balance between the approaches of foreignization and domestication.另起一页，首行居中，小二号字，粗体Bibliography空一行1 Bassnett, M.Suan. Translation Studies M. London and New York: Rout ledge, 1991.2 James Holmes. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies M. Copenhagen: The Third International Congress of Applied
35、 Linguistic, 1972.3 New mark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation M. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign LanguagePress, 2001.4 New mark, Peter. About Translation M. Cleve don: Multilingual Matters Press, 1991.5 New mark, Peter. Approaches to Translation, Oxford: Special Reference to Principles and Procedures In
36、volved in Bible Translating M, Lei den: E .J.Brill, 1981.12 成昭伟.试论翻译中的文化因素及其处理D.湖南：湖南师范大学硕士学位论文，1999.17 蒋学军.论英语幽默寓言的翻译J.南华大学学报，2001.18 金惠康.跨文化交际翻译续篇M.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1997.19 黎照.鲁迅、梁实秋论战实录M.华龄出版社，1997.20 刘宓庆.当代翻译理论M.北京：中国对外出版公司，1999.21 罗新璋.翻译论集M.商务印书馆，1984.22 孙致礼.“中国的文学翻译：从归化趋向异化”J，中国翻译，2002.23 谭载喜.新编奈
37、达翻译M.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1999.24 王佐良.翻译：思考与试笔M.外语教学与研究出版社，1989.另起一页，首行居中，小二号字，粗体Acknowledgements空一行In the completion of this thesis, I am extremely grateful to my supervisor, Professor Wang Xiaoli, for her instruction and enlightenment concerning stylistics and other fields, valuable suggestion during the
38、 period in which this thesis was being written, generosity in spending his revising this thesis meticulously, and her encouragement as well. And from the bottom of my heart, I wish to thank all those who directly or indirectly contributed to this thesis by giving me their encourage, advice and practical help.
