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1、Chapter 4 Blood,组 胚 教 研 室:袁 娲Department of histology and embryology,Learning Objectives,The composition of blood(血液).The structure,function and normal values(正常值)of the formed elements of blood(血液有形成分).Hematopoiesis(血细胞的发生).The hematopoietic tissue(造血组织)and the hematopoietic stem cells(造血干细胞).The pr
2、oduction and significance of lymph(淋巴).,*a specialized form of C.T.*a circulating tissue*as a transporting medium*a total volume about 5 liters in health adult,INTRODUCTION,Components of blood 血液的组成成分,*Formed elements-blood cells(45%)*Intercellular substance-plasma(55%),Erythrocytes 红细胞Leukocytes 白细
3、胞Platelets 血小板,H2O(90%)Plasma proteins:albumin白蛋白,globulin球蛋 白,fibrinogen纤维蛋白原,etc.Others:,血液的组成,centrifugation(离心),-plasma,Leukocytes+Platelets,-Erythrocyte(Red blood cell),anticoagulant(heparin)抗凝剂（肝素）,血块、血清,Serum 血清,without anticoagulant,Clotting,无纤维蛋白原,血液有形成分,红细胞：男（4.05.5）1012/L；女（3.55.0）1012/L（
4、350-500万个/ul),白细胞(4.010)109/L或 4千-1万个/ul,血小板（100300）109/L（或10-30万个/ul）,有粒白细胞,无粒白细胞,中性粒细胞 50-70%嗜酸性粒细胞 0.5-3%嗜碱性粒细胞 0-1%,淋巴细胞 25-30%单核细胞 3-8%,血液有形成分正常值,血象(hemogram)：血细胞的形态、数量、百分比及血红蛋白的含量.血象是临床疾病诊断、治疗的重要指标。,Wright染色法（瑞特染色法）:染料是由酸性染料伊红和碱性染料亚甲蓝组成。与酸性染料伊红结合，染粉红色；与碱性染料亚甲蓝结合，染紫蓝色。Giemsa染色法（吉姆萨染色法）:吉姆萨染液由伊红
5、，天青组成。,血涂片 blood smear:观察血细胞形态染色方法:Wright 或 Giemsa染色,一、红细胞（erythrocyte,red blood cell,RBC）,1.结构特点2.血型3.功能4.寿命5.网织红细胞,Mature Erythrocyte*biconcave disc shape,providing greater surface area;*no nucleus and organelles;*Hemoglobin(Hb);*deformability.,SEM,Size:7.5 8.5m(diameter)Number:Male:4.25.51012/L(H
6、b:120150g/L)Female:3.55.0 1012/L(Hb:110140g/L),2ABO血型抗原系统：红细胞膜含血型抗原 A型：有A型抗原 B型：有B型抗原 O型：无A型、B型抗原 AB型：有A型、B型抗原,3功能:红细胞具有携带 O和CO的功能，由血红 蛋白执行。4寿命:红细胞的平均寿命 约为120天。,溶血(hemolysis)血影（erythrocyte ghost）:溶血后残留 的红细胞膜囊。,*not fully mature RBC*0.5 1%of a total number of RBC*no nucleus*ribosomal RNA remnants(net
7、like structure)*remaining Hb synthesis*Clinic significance,Reticulocyte网织红细胞,Pathological conditionsNumberSizeShape Hb,Anemia贫血,Erythrocytosis红细胞增多症,Spherocytosis;Sickle cell anemia,Thalassemia（地中海贫血）,Large/small cell anemia,Normal RBC Sickled RBC 镰状,Typically,the affected RBCs are small,spherically
8、 shaped,and lack the light centers seen in normal RBCs.,Spherocytosis,General characteristic of leukocytes*spherical shape*posses nuclei*presence of organelles*a total number less than that of erythrocytes*exhibiting amoeboid movement*involving in body defenses and immunity,二、白细胞（leukocyte,white blo
9、od cell，WBC）,Classification*Granular leukocytes 有粒白细胞neutrophils 5070%中性粒细胞eosinophils 0.53%嗜酸性粒细胞basophils 0 1%嗜碱性粒细胞*Agranular leukocytes 无粒白细胞lymphocytes 2530%淋巴细胞monocytes 38%单核细胞,Neutrophil Size:10 12 m(diameter)Morphology 形态 nucleus：highly morphonuclear rod-like 2-3 lobulated 4-5 lobulated you
10、ng old cytoplasm：specific granules:80%,smallazurophilic granules:20%,lysosome 溶酶体,Neutrophils 中性粒细胞,(嗜天青颗粒),中性粒细胞模式图（示杆状核演变至5叶核,新生到衰老）,中性粒细胞（血涂片）,Neutrophils,Lobulated nuclei,Rod-like nucleus,azurophilic granules,*fine,uniform细腻，均匀*evenly distributed*pink staining,Charateristics of specific granules
11、:,Specific granules(80%,samll)contain:alkaline phosphatase碱性磷酸酶*Phagocytin 吞噬素*lysozyme 溶菌酶,Azurophilic G.(large,less)containing:acid phosphatase 酸性磷酸酶*Peroxidase 过氧化物酶,Neutrophil(EM),Function,Chemotaxis(Mobility)趋化性:Attracted by chemotactic factor(released by macrophages)Phagocytosis&destroy bacter
12、ia:吞噬和杀灭细菌 the number of leukocytes acute the%of neutrophils bacteria infection,Size:10 12 m(diameter)LM:nucleus:lobulated;S or irregular;obscured outlinecytoplasm:basophilic granules,*variable size*uneven distribution*strong basophilia,Characteristic,Basophil 嗜碱性粒细胞,Basophil,E.M.:Basophilic granule
13、s contain:*heparin*histamine F.N.:*anticoagulate*responsible to allergic reaction,nucleus,Size:10 15 m(diameter)LM:-usually bilobed nucleus-eosinophilic granules,*strong eosinophilia(reddish)*coarse and refractile*uniform size and evenly distributed,Eosinophils 嗜酸性粒细胞,Characteristic,（电镜）,Eosinophili
14、c granules(primary lysosomes)which contain substances:*acid phosphatase*aryl sulphatase 芳基硫酸酯酶*Peroxidase*histaminase 组胺酶,nucleus,Eosinophilic granules with crystalloid in the center,(EM),Function,Chemotaxis（趋化性）attracted by chemotactic factor from the mast cells Phagocytize（吞噬）foreign bodies,Ag-Ab
15、complexAnti-allergy（抗过敏）Release histaminase，inactivate histamine for weakening allergic reactionAnti-parasite（抗寄生虫）It is increased in patients infected w/allergic reaction or parasite,Neutrophils:*ruffled membrane movement*chemetaxis*phagocytosis Eosinophils:anti-parasite;anti-allergy Basophils:*ant
16、icoagulation;*involving in allergic response,Function of granular leukocytes,Size:14 20 m(diameter)Nucleus:large,eccentric,light staining,deep indentation,horseshoe cytoplasm：abundant，gray-blue staining,weak basophilia,numerous purple granules(azurophilic G),Monocyte 单核细胞,Small pseudopodia,microvill
17、us,mitochondrionRER,Lysosomes(azurophilic granule)contain:,*Peroxidase*Acid phoshpatase*Lysozyme 溶菌酶,(EM模式图）,nucleus,Monocyte under EM,Function of monocyte,-differentiate into macrophages.phagocytosis immune response give rise to osteoclasts 破骨细胞,which are able to dissolve bone.,Lymphocytes 淋巴细胞,3 t
18、ypes:small 68m;medium-sized 912m;large 1320mSmall lymphocyte(90%):LM:Round or ovoid;Nu.:sphericity,indentation,condensed chromatin,darkstaining.Cytoplasm:scanty,as a thinrim in light-blue w/azurophilicgranules,*a large number of free ribosomes,*a few mitochondria,and other organelles*exhibiting smal
19、l cytoplasmic projections in the surface of cells.,(EM模式图）,nucleus,Lymphocyte under EM,Classification*function#T-Cell:75%cellular immunity B-Cell:10-15%humoral immunity large granule lymphocyte(K&NK cell)*based on the source,characteristics on cellular membrane,life&function#immunological defence,Cl
20、assification&Function,三、血小板（blood platelet,thrombocyte）,Megakaryocyte s fragment,in clumpsLM:24m，disc-likeor irregular,anucleated.Two regions:Granulomere:centrally-located,purple-blue granules.Hyalomere:peripherallylocated,in light-blue.,cell coat:rich inglycoproteins associated to platelet adhesion
21、;M.T.system:a.opening tubule system开放小管系统:to increase the surface area for platelet adhesion.b.dense tubule system致密小管系统:sER,support,collect Ca 2+and synthesize prostaglandin 前列腺素,E.M.:,actin-like M.F 微丝:mobile.granules:a.granules(special granules):containing platelet derived growth factor,PDGF;thro
22、mbospondin.b.dense granules致密颗粒:serotonin(5-HT),ADP,ATP,Ca2+&adrenaline 肾上腺素,Function,Hemostasia 止血:2.Coagulation 凝血:3.Protect blood vessel endothelium,repairing endothelium,prevent atherosclerosis(动脉硬化),Slides review,五、骨髓和血细胞的发生（bone marrow and hematopoiesis）,Hematopoietic organ 造血器官 yolk sac卵黄囊（ea
23、rly embryo)Liver肝/spleen脾(6w5m)bone marrow骨髓(4m and after)Structure of bone marrow 骨髓的结构 red bone marrow:hematopoietic tissue 造血组织+blood sinusoid 血窦 yellow bone marrow:adipose tissue 脂肪组织+immature hemocyte 血细胞,Red bone marrow,hematopoietic tissue:造血组织 reticular c.t.+hemocytes in various stage,macrop
24、hages,adipocytes,mesenchymal cells blood sinusoid:血窦 discontinuous endothelia,incomplete BM,Hemopoietic stem cell(HSP)and Hemopoietic progenitor cell(HPC),Hemopoietic stem cell self-replication powerful proliferationpotency multi-differentiation Potency,Hemopoietic progenitor c.Unipotential or bipot
25、ential Produce matrue blood c.Erythrocytes series granulocyte series monocyte series megakaryocyte series,*Lymphocytes derived from lymphatic organs&tissues,Erythrocyte series,Neutrophilic series,Morphologic criteria of haemopoiesis,Stages:the original stage 原始阶段 the infant stage 幼稚阶段 the mature sta
26、ge 成熟阶段 Cell volume:,megakaryocytes:cytoplasm:，ratio of Nu./cytoplasm:,Nucleus:size(RBC:abesent;megakaryocytes）nucleoli:number staining:pale deep S.G in granulocytes&Hb in erythrocytes:other organelles in red celluntil disappear mitotic ability:,until disappear（but 分裂能力 lymphocyte),Questions for review,1、Reticulocyte2、Monocyte3、Compare the morphologic structure and function of granulocytes.4、简述红细胞的结构特点和功能。5、简述白细胞的分类原则、分类及所占百分比。,Summary table.Erythrocyte&leukocyte,Erythrocyte(mature)LeukocyteNumberSizeShape NucleusOrganelle HBGranulesFunction Lifespan,biconcave disc,sphere,non,present,
