鲁教版初中化学基础讲义六.doc

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1、第六讲 溶液、饱和溶液、不饱和溶液、溶解度及曲线一、溶液1、定义:由一种或一种以上物质分散到另一种物质中形成均一、稳定的混合物2、溶液的组成 溶质:被溶解的物质 溶剂:能溶解其它物质的物质 判断溶质、溶剂 固、气体与液体混合,液体为溶剂,固、气体为溶质 两种液体混合时,一般量多的作为溶剂 两种液体混合且有水时,无论水多少,水一般作为溶剂(98%浓硫酸)3、溶液的特点:均一性、稳定性(溶液各处密度相等)4、物质的溶解性 定义:一种物质在另一种物质中溶解的能力 影响因素 内因:溶质、溶剂本身性质 外因:温度(对大多数固体而言,升高温度,物质的溶解性提高)二、饱和溶液、不饱和溶液1、饱和溶液:在一定

2、温度下,一定量的溶剂中,不能再继续溶解某种物质的溶液。不饱和溶液:在一定温度下,一定量的溶剂中,能再继续溶解某种物质的溶液。2、转换3.溶液是否饱和的判定判断一种溶液是否饱和的依据是看在一定温度下加入某物是否能溶解。4饱和溶液、不饱和溶液与溶液的“浓”“稀”之间的关系【解答】溶液是否饱和与溶液的“浓”“稀”之间没有必然的联系,不能根据溶液的“浓”“稀”来判断溶液是否饱和。只有当溶质、溶剂、温度相同时,饱和溶液才一定比不饱和溶液浓。三、溶解度1、定义:在定温下,物质在100g溶剂(水)中,达到饱和状态时所溶解的克数。 符号:S 单位:g/100g水 气体的溶解度:在标准大气压、一定温度下,溶解在

3、一体积水中达到饱和状态时所 溶解的气体体积数2、影响溶解度的因素 内因:溶质(剂)本身性质 外因 固体:温度(大多数固体溶解度随温度升高而增大) 气体:压强、温度(大多数气体溶解度随温度升高而减小,随气压升高而增大) 少数固体溶解度随温度升高变化不大:NaCl 极少数固体溶解度随温度升高而变小:Ca(OH)2 夏日夜晚鱼、虾浮在水面换气 煮沸的水冷却后不可再养鱼3、物质溶解能力大小分类(20摄氏度时每一百克水中) 00.01g:难溶 0.011g:微溶 110g:可(能)溶 10g以上:易溶 溶解是绝对的,不溶解是相对的 CO2溶于水:制汽水时必须加压并保持低温4、溶解度曲线: 影响固体物质溶

4、解度的外界因素是温度,将溶解度与温度的对应关系表现在直角坐标系中,则得到该物质的溶解度曲线。 溶解度曲线的中考考点A, 某温度点或者温度段时物质溶解度大小排序B, 某温度点图像交点的两个相等含义C, 饱和溶液降温或者升温后析出固体多少判断、溶液状态判断D, 结晶方法判断四、溶质从溶液中析出 晶体:具有规则几何形状的固体 结晶:形成晶体的过程 蒸发结晶(蒸发溶剂):适用于溶解度随温度变化不大的固体 降温结晶((点燃冷却热饱和溶液):适用于溶解度随温度变化较大的固体五、溶液的组成和溶质质量分数1、溶液的组成:溶质、溶剂 m液m质+m剂(体积不可加减)2、溶质质量分数计算公式3、配置一定浓度的溶液:

5、(1)计算(2)称量、量取(3)溶解。稀释浓溶液则只需量取不称量练习题一、选择题:(本题有14小题,每小题2分,共28分。每小题只有一个选项符合题意)www.1将厨房中的下列物质分别放入水中,不能形成溶液的是( )中考资源网 A. 料酒 B. 食醋 C. 花生 D. 鸡精2下列说法正确的是 ( )中考资源网A水和冰块的共存物是悬浊液 B凡均一、稳定、透明、澄清液体一定是溶液C一定温度下,一定量溶剂里不能再溶解某物质的溶液就是该物质的饱和溶液D在泥水里,泥是溶质,水是溶剂中考资源网3要从过氧化氢与二氧化锰完全反应后的剩余物中回收二氧化锰固体,有下列操作可选择:过滤;烘干;蒸发结晶。w其操作顺序正

6、确的是 ( )wA B C D4在一定温度下,向不饱和的NaNO3溶液中逐渐加入NaNO3晶体,在此变化过程中,溶液里溶质质量分数()与时间(t)的关系正确的是 ( )中考资源网0 tAttt000BCD5现有M、N两物质在室温下的饱和溶液,升温后,M溶液有晶体析出,而N溶液还可以再溶解N晶体,则能正确表示M、N两种物质溶解度曲线的是0 温度/溶解度/gMN0 温度/溶解度/gMN0 温度/溶解度/gMN0 温度/溶解度/gMNA. B. C. D. 6在实验室进行下列实验操作时,不需用玻璃棒的是 ( )中考资源网A转移液体时的引流 B把试剂瓶中的液体倒入试管中 C蒸发食盐水制食盐 D用过滤的

7、方法除去海水中难溶性的杂质 7向右图试管里的水中加入下述某种物质后,原来U型管内在同一水平上的红墨水,右边液面降低了些,左边液面上升了些,则加入的物质是 ( )中考资源网A、硝酸铵 B、生石灰 C、活性炭 D、烧碱8有W(g)ww浓度为15%的硝酸钾溶液,若将其浓度变为30%,可以采用的方法是 ( ) A、蒸发掉溶剂的1/2 B、加入3/20W(g)网的硝酸钾C、蒸发掉W/2(g)溶剂 D、加入5/14W(g )硝酸钾9下列有关溶液的说法中,正确的是 ()中考资源网A溶液都是澄清、透明、无色的 B溶液都是由一种溶质和一种溶剂混合而成的C饱和溶液中溶质的质量分数一定比不饱和溶液中溶质的质量分数大

8、D降低饱和溶液的温度析出晶体后,溶液中溶质的质量分数一定减小10质量分数为30%的某溶液倒掉掉10g后,剩余溶液的质量分数是()A30% B15% C60% D不确定1125时向氯化钙饱和溶液中加入一定量的水后,下列有关该溶液的叙述正确的是()www A溶质的溶解度不变 B溶质的质量分数不变 C仍为饱和溶液 D溶液的质量不变牌口服液主要成分:葡萄糖酸锌化学式:C12H22O14Zn含锌量:每支口服液含锌 _mg制药厂 12下图中能表示过滤操作的实验装置是 ()中考资源网13、右图是某厂生产的葡萄糖酸锌口服液的标签,每支口服液含葡萄糖酸锌45.5 mg,标签“_”上的数据是A3.25 B6.5

9、C13 D14.314、配制一定溶质质量分数的氯化钠溶液的一些操作步骤见下图,正确的操作顺序是()中考资源网A. B. C. D.二填空题15(6分)双氧水(H2O2)既是工业上重要的绿色氧化剂,又是常用的医用消毒剂。www.小明配制了5%的双氧水600g,则600 g溶液中溶质为 克,溶剂为 克。www.zk5小明倒出了300 g双氧水溶液进行消毒,则剩下的溶液中溶质的质量分数为 。ww16、(5分)粗盐提纯的实验中: (1)除去粗盐中混有的少量不溶性杂质,下列操作正确的顺序是(填序号): 过滤 溶解 蒸发(2)过滤后所得的滤液仍然浑浊,你认为原因可能是 。w 17(5分)中考资源网下图是A

10、、B、C三种物质的溶解度曲线,据图回答: (1)P点表示t1时 物质的溶解度相等。w网 (2)溶解度随温度升高而减少的物质是 。www(3)t2时,三种物质的溶解度由大到小的顺序是 。w(4)t1时A的溶解度 t2时A的溶解度;(填“大于”、“小于”或“等于”,下同)w(5)t2时,B的饱和溶液中溶质的质量分数 A的饱和溶液中溶质的质量分数。三、简答题1.阅读下面的材料,回答下列问题:自从非典型肺炎在我国部分地区出现以来,过氧乙酸作为高效消毒剂被广泛使用。过氧乙酸在常温下是一种无色有刺激性气味的液体,易挥发,易溶于水和醋酸。它对呼吸道黏膜有刺激性,高含量的过氧乙酸溶液对皮肤有腐蚀性。 一般商品

11、过氧乙酸是40%的醋酸溶液,使用前通常先用蒸馏水等将其稀释,消毒时可用喷雾法消毒,也可将其配制成0.2%的水溶液洗手消毒。w过氧乙酸不稳定,易分解生成无毒物质,若用喷雾法消毒,过氧乙酸在半小时内就可完全分解。(1)在过氧乙酸的质量分数为40%的醋酸溶液中,溶质是,溶剂是。中考资源(2)分别指出过氧乙酸的一点物理性质和一点化学性质。w物理性质: ;化学性质: 。(3)100 g过氧乙酸的质量分数为0.2%的洗手液中含过氧乙酸g。w(4)不慎让高含量的过氧乙酸溶液沾到皮肤上,应做怎样的处理? (5)根据过氧乙酸的性质,用过氧乙酸喷雾消毒过的房间,人若要进去,应注意什么? 四、实验题2下图是配制50

12、g质量分数为5% 的氯化钠溶液的操作过程示意图: A B C D E试回答:(1)B操作中应称量氯化钠的质量是 g 。w放好砝码和游码后,向托盘上加氯化钠时,若指针偏向分度盘的左边,应进行的操作是 。(2)D操作应选用 mL 的量筒(从10 mL、100 mL中选择);量水时,量筒必须平放,视线要跟量筒凹液面的 处保持水平。www(3)E操作的作用是 。中考资四计算题:(本题2小题,共12分)中考资源网3、右图是病人输液时用的一瓶葡萄糖注射液标签,请根据标签给出的数据计算该溶液中含水 g,溶液的密度约为 g/cm3。4某校课外兴趣小组对一批粗锌样品(含有杂质,杂质不溶于水,也不与酸反应)进行分

13、析,甲、乙、丙三组同学分别进行实验,实验数据记录如下: 组别药品甲乙丙烧杯 + 稀硫酸/g152.5152.5252.5粗锌样品/g201515烧杯及剩余物/g172.1167.1267.1请你认真分析数据,帮助他们回答下列问题(每组反应均充分): 组同学所取用的稀硫酸与粗锌样品恰好完全反应; 计算粗锌样品中锌的质量分数; 计算原硫酸溶液中溶质的质量分数; 计算恰好完全反应的那组实验所得溶液中溶质的质量分数网(烧杯质量为52.5g,计算结果精确到0.1%)中考资源网待添加的隐藏文字内容1Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwi

14、s 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Char

15、nleys effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who ha

16、s attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to ge

17、t across the line this weekend, said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to

18、be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Miche

19、l Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA. Baumgartner the di

20、sappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with c

21、apsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometer

22、s) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it

23、 in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game o

24、f the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing

25、sets and a good kick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg

26、Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.

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