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1、美国文学史复习第一部分 殖民主义时期的文学（colonialism)一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spiritFirst American writer-
2、captain John Smith 3、清教徒的思想：1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Wishto restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challeng
3、ed their way of life is opposing Gods will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God and to forget his mercy.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上
4、帝仁慈的一面Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans or The beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans Calvinism: It is a series of theological beliefs first promoted by John Calvin (1509-1564), one of the leaders of the Protestant reformation. They were affirmed by the Sy
5、nod of Dordt (1618-1619 CE) as being the doctrine of salvation which is contained in the Bible. It laid the foundation for Reformed Theology.4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton & Roger Williams他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious tol
6、eration in America.5、Williams的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system
7、could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet first woman poet7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Taylor.学习指南：1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back i
8、n England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the purity of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which
9、tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief tha
10、t they brought with them into the wildness. There they want to prove that were Gods chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven.2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.3、The work of two writers, Anne Bra
11、dstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans,French, Spaniards Italians, and Portuguese.美国文学史复习2（reasoningandrevolution)一、美国的性质：The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the Uni
12、ted States of America. 联邦的资产阶级民主共和国-美利坚合众国。二、代表作家：1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明富兰克林 1706-17901）Poor Richards Almanac 穷人查理德的年鉴 annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklins shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation2) Founded the Junto,
13、 a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题3）established Americas first circulating library, founded the college-University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。4）first applied the terms positive and negative to elec
14、trical charges.5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war.
15、 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。6）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、7）The Way to Wealth 致富之道 The Autobiography自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传2、Thomas Paine 托马斯佩因1737-1809 Great Common of Mankind 最平凡的人1）famous pamphlet Co
16、mmon Sense 著名的政治小册子常识 it boldly advocated a Declaration for Independence, and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 拥护独立宣言，使分裂活动发展成最后危机。2）American Crisis 美国危机 the process of the war，signed Common Sense The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的
17、权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代3、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯杰弗逊1）drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言2）与清教徒不同，主张追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of hap
18、piness. 人人生而平等，他们都从“造物主”那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。4、Philip Freneau 菲利普费瑞诺 poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者1）perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.2)has been called the Father of American Poetry 美国诗歌之父 “the poet of the revolution”The Rising Glory of
19、America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地学习指南：1、Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was the next great subject to command the attention of the best minds.2、Fr
20、eneau was neoclassical by training and taste ye romantic in essential spirit.美国文学史复习3（Romanticism)一、文学特征：1、Environment:1)shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陆新环境2）array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe 欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2、美国文学特点：pluralistic多元化 manifestations varied 表现形式多样 Indiv
21、idualistic个人主义 conflicting 矛盾3、Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption and mans societies a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都
22、注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。4、Transcendentalism 超验主义 ,which appeared after 1830,marked the maturity of American Romanticism and the first renaissance in the American literary history. It stressed the power of intuition, believing that people could learn things both from the outside wor
23、ld by means of the five senses and from the inner world by intuition. It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God. All things in nature were symbols of the spiritual, of Gods presence. It emphasized the significance of the individual and believed that the individual was the most important element in
24、 society and that the ideal kind of individual was self-reliant and unselfish. Transcendentalists envisioned religion as an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal “Oversoul”.1）as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feel
25、ing over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。2)they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。3）they believe in the transcendence of oversoul, an all-pervading power for goodn
26、ess from which all things come and of which all things are a part. 相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。4）it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and youll become spiritually whole again.” The natural implication of
27、all this was, of course, that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.5）代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善Thoreau 梭 罗，beheld divi
28、nity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”5、Literary forms文学形式：Novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as Americas principal literary forms.长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代说教类及宣言类作品成为美国主要的文学形式。6、Imaginative literature想象类文学7、the wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic
29、character that illustrated moral law.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。8、The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. 逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。9、Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in Americas language. In 1828 Noah Webster publish
30、ed “An American Dictionary of the English Language”. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. 受民族主义影响，作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言，具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。10、At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a “flowering of New England.” Led by Hawth
31、orne, Emerson, and Thoreau. New England Transcendentalism, 从新英格兰文学到超验主义。二、代表作家：1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文the father of American literature the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家 short story 三个主要contributions the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家“Sketch Book”见闻札记, the fir
32、st modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物It became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic. Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties
33、.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”西班牙征服记A History of New York 纽约的历史-美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Brace bridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travelers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀 fir
34、st important American novelist contribution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga 开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。“Leatherstocking Tales”皮袜子故事集，包括“The Deerslayer”杀鹿者、“The Last of the Mohicans”最后的莫希干人、“The Pathfinder”探路人、“The Pioneers”拓荒者、“The Prai
35、rie”大草原, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo, go by various names of leathstocking, deerslayer, pathfinder, and hawkeye. 小说的中心人物，纳蒂.班波The Spy 间谍 The Pilot(many sea romances) 领航者 The Littlepage Manuscripts 利特佩奇的手稿
36、3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特 poet 诗人as Irving had shown that American prose had cone of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention.当欧文预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌达到相当高的水平。He was the first American to gain the stature of a major
37、poet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。 “To a Waterfowl”致水鸟the most perfect brief poem in the language. 用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。(4) Thanatopsis( view of death) introduced the best poet to appear in America up to that time. Blank verse.5). His translations of the Iliad and the Odyssey into English blank verse.4、Edgar Allan Po
38、e 埃德加.阿伦.坡show his true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic. 编辑、诗人、文学评论家。Grahams Magazine 格雷厄姆杂志（坡的工作场所）“The Fall of the House of Usher”鄂谢府崩溃记、“The Raven”乌鸦the title poem of a collection,“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”述异集first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集。often use grotesque
39、or fantastic events.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。5、Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-reliance自强.作品：“Nature”论自然 the bible of transcendentalism “Essays”随笔录、
40、two speeches the divinity school address and “The American Scholar”美国学者-our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。his most important works are “Representative Men ”代表and “English Traits”英国人、“Poems”诗集摘自论自然：Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted int
41、o infinite space, -all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. 人形的约束没有了。6、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗Emersons truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emersons theories 爱默生最忠实的信徒，把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。“In Walden”沃尔登成名作。“Civil Disobedience”平民反抗essay 随笔。非暴力不合作教义：I would not have anyone ado
42、pt my mode of living, each should find out his own way, not his neighbors or his parents. 我不希望人们接受我的生活模式，每一个都应该发现自己的生活方式，不是邻居的，也不是他父母的。7、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hawthorne, who harm a person.曾经有个做法官的祖辈害人。“The House of the Seven Gables”七尖角阁房，是霍桑著名神秘小说中的一个房
43、屋名称。he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the harshness and the persecutions.对清教徒阴暗面的深切关注，认为清教徒的戒行过于森严，对不同信仰人的迫害过于残酷。“Mosses from an Old Manse”古厦青苔、“The Marble Faun”玉石神像特点unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of ma
44、ns moral nature. 独特才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质。his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appears strongly in his short stories. 短篇小说里，通过活生生、极具有象征意义的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题。to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbo
45、l.杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述，他书中的正义标准成为当时人们的道德参考。 “The Scarlet Letter”红字女主角 Hester, honest, calmly face fault 诚实，坦然的面对罪过。弗洛伊德人格理论：Id 本我 欲望，只要快乐 Roger 女主角的丈夫Ego 自我 分辨对错，受约束，符合现实 Hester 女主角Superego 超我 Dim 女主角的情人，牧师女主角的自我成长和自我救赎的过程。Ego growth and redeem by her own of process“The Scarlet Letter” ana
46、lysis分析：it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanity. Her life eventually acquires a real significance when she reest
47、ablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen Symbolic of her moral development is the gradual imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is a token of shame, “Adultery” but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow villagers changes
48、it to “Able”. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying “Angel”. There is reason to agree with the critical observation that A may represent Adamic, or prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of “original sin,” Dimmesdale, on the other hand, banishes himself form society. Deeply preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his admirers. The result is that, w
