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1、1.一般现在时,用法：A)表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。B)习惯用语。C)经常性、习惯性动作。例：He always helps others.（他总是帮助别人。）D)客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意，如果前后文不是一般现在时，则无法保持 主句、从句时态一致。E)表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词）可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。例：The next train leaves at 3 oclock this afternoon.（下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。
2、）How often does this shuttle bus run?（这班车多久一趟？）F)在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在（有时也用现在完成时）表示将来事 情。例：When you have finished the report,I will have waited for about 3 hours.（等你完成这份报告的时候，我就已经等了将近3个小时了。）,2.现在进行时(be doing)用法：现在正在进行的动作。3.现在完成时(have done)用法：A)表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。例：I bought a new house,but I havent sold
3、 my old one yet,so at the moment I have two houses.B)表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。例：Great as Newton was,many of his ideas have been challenged today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.全句的意思是：“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物，但他的许多见解直到今
4、天还在受到挑战，并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物动词，在本句中应当是被动语态；其动作延续到今天，所以要用现在完成时态。通常用点动词，如：arrive,begin,find,give,lose等。例：John has broken his left leg.（约翰摔断了左腿。）,4.现在完成进行时(have been doing)用法：表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.（到目前为止，我们一直在处理那个项目，已经花了
5、一个多月时间了。）注意事项：与现在完成时相比，现在完成进行时更强调：在从过去到现在的时间里，动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。例：1997年6月四级第45题 It seems oil _has been leaking_from this pipe for some time.Well have to take the machine apart to put it right.A)had leaked B)is leaking C)leaked D)has been leaking 从本题上下文看，这两个句子的意思是：“看来，这个管道漏油已有一段时间了，我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。”第二句
6、表示将要采取的措施。第一句动作发生在第二句之前，并且延续到现在为止仍在继续。,5.一般过去时用法：A)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。B)表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/used to do表达的句型，本身表示的就是过去时。例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.（老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上，看着其他的人，一坐就是数个小时，什么也不干，也不和任何人交谈。）He
7、 used to visit his mother once a week.（他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。）C)有时可代替一般现在时，表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。例：I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?（我想向您借车用一用，可以吗？）Would you mind my sitting here?（您介意我坐在这里吗？）注意事项：A)注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组，如：yesterday,last month,in 1999,two days ago等，绝对不可与recently,i
8、n the past 10 years,this month等连用，因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系，应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。B)used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别：你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例：used not to do,didnt used to do,都对。,6.过去完成时(had done)用法：表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的：表示过去的过去的动作或状态。Until then,his family hadnt heard from him for six months.A)didnt hear C)hasnt hear
9、d B)hasnt been hearing D)hadnt heard 全句的意思是：“到那时为止，他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出，谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成，因此谓语要用过去完成时。答案是D)。其它选项中：A)didnt hear，因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态，所以不能与时间状语for six months连用。B)hasnt been hearing，现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作，与题意不符。C)hasnt heard，现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻，
10、不能表示现在时间。注意事项：“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来，而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。例：There had been some one in our room just now,because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.（刚才有人在我们的房间里，因为我们打开前门进来时，我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。）分析：虽然时间状语是just now，似乎应该使用一般过去时，但是“在房间里”这个状态是在开门和注意这两个过去的动作之前就存在的，所以应该用过
11、去完成时。,7.过去将来时(would/should do)用法：表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。例：I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.（我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。）注意事项：由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的，所以其注意事项可以参考过去时和将来时的相关注意事项。8.过去进行时(was/were doing)用法：A)表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。例：Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.（10分钟前，玛丽正在听轻音乐。）B
12、)如果when,while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。例：I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.（你敲前门时我正在洗头发。）注意事项：其它与将来时有关的事项请参见下面所讲的一般将来时。,9.一般将来时用法：A)基本结构是will/shall do。例：We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.（我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品，作为给她的生日礼物。）B)有些动词，如：arrive,be
13、close,come,do,done,go,have,leave,open,play,return,sleep,start,stay等，用于一般进行时，并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用，可以表示将来时。例：My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.（我妈妈下周将来看我，并会呆到5月。）C)表示“打算去，要”时，可用be going to do。例：This is just what I am going to say.（这正是我想说的。）D)表示“即将、正要”时，可用be about
14、to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。例：Dont worry,I am about to make a close examination on you.（别担心，我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。）E)be to do的5种用法：a)表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。例：She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.（星期一你准会在实验室见到她。）b)该做或不该做的事情（语气上接近于should,must,ought to,have to），表示一种命令、规劝性语气。例：You are to go to bed and keep quiet,kids
15、.Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.（孩子们，你们必须 上床睡觉，不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。）F)同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。例：The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.（教练想要放弃这场比赛了，因为对方已经射进了7个球。）I was on the point of telephoning him when his let
16、ter arrived.“当他的信到的时候我正要打电话给他。”,10.将来进行时(will be doing)用法：强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。例：Dont worry,you wont miss her.She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.（别担心，你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。）I will be going shopping on Sunday with my friends.注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注
17、意事项，可参考一般将来时和现在进行时的有关注意事项。,11.将来完成时(will have done)用法：表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态，或是发生在某个将来时间，但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关，变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。例：1997年1月四级第22题 The conference will have lasted_ a full week by the time it ends.A)must have lasted B)will have lasted C)would las
18、t D)has lasted 本题考核谓语动词的时态。全句的意思是：“会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。”句中by the time it ends表示动作要延续到将来某一时刻，因此要用将来完成时。答案是B)will have lasted。如果选A)，因为情态动词must后面接动词不定式的完成时形式表示对已经发生的事情的一种肯定推测，而本句的时间状语是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended，所以犯了时态不呼应的错误。Would虽可以表示推测或可能性，但would last不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作，所以C)would last错误。因为D)
19、has lasted是现在完成时，表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作，所以也不正确。注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和完成时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可以参考“一般将来时”和“现在完成时”的有关注意事项。,12)将来完成进行时：shall have been doing，will have been doing 例：By the end of next month,the project will have been being worked for 3 years.（到下个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。）（被动语态）13)过去完成进行时：
20、had been doing 例：The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.（我回到家之前，我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。）（此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复进行。）（被动语态）例：They said that by the end of the following month,the project would have been
21、 being worked for 3 years.（他们说到第二个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。）14)过去将来进行时：should be doing,would be doing 例：The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.（政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。）（此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间，所以最好用将来进行时。）（此句为被动语态）,15)过去将来完成时：should have done,would have done例：I believed by
22、the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed,but I was wrong.（我坚信到那年年底为止，那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。）（此句为被动语态）16)过去将来完成进行时：should have been doing,would have been doing例：They said that by the end of the following month,the project would have been being worked for 3 ye
23、ars.（他们说到第二个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。）,一、被动语态的构成形式1.被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由be过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：1)am/is/are+done(过去分词)一般现在时例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.2）has/have been done 现在完成时例All the preparations for the task have been completed,and were ready to st
24、art.3）am/is/are being done 现在进行时例A new cinema is being built here4）was/were done 一般过去时例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5）had been done 过去完成时例 By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.6）was/were being done 过去进行时例A meeting was bein
25、g held when I was there.7）shall/will be done 一般将来时例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8）should/would be done 过去将来时例The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.9）shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）例The project will have been completed before Jul,Learned words
26、and popular words In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which taken together,make up the whole vocabulary.First,there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation,which we learned,that is to say,from the member of our own family and from our frie
27、nds and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.They concern the common things of life,and are stock in trade of all who speak the language such words may be called popular.Since they belong to the people at language and are not the possession of limited class only.On the oth
28、er hand,our language include a larger number of word which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.Their meanings are known to every educated person,but there is little occasion to use them at home.Our first acquaintance with them are not from our mothers lip or from our classmates,but f
29、rom books that we read,lecture that we hear,or the more formal conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular topic in an elevated style.Such words are called learned.,and the difference between them and popular word if of great importance to a right understand of langua
30、ge.,in this holiday i went back my hometown,a small village.there is a river near the village,the river is very clear,sometimes we walked along the river.the climate is very pleasant in here,the weather is a bit cool in the morning,and it is warm in the daytime,it was 27 degree centigrade.in autumn,the days are short and the nights are long,the sun rises late and sets early.autumn is also the harvest season,and in this time,people were busy in harvesting.,and the kids were busy in playing.i enjoyed my holiday every well,
