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1、美国启动学校考试改革，任务型评价成为主流 纽约时报9月3日报道说，美国教育部正在启动教育考试改革，主要是学校的学年考试改革，已经有44个州决定参加这一将从2014-2015学年开始的改革。 这一改革将改变现在以多项选择等为主要形式的考试形式，而改为以行为表现任务（performance-based tasks）为主要形式。新闻中举了一个案例来说明这一新的题型：假设你是市长，需要降低城市污染，就必须全面检验各种工具，写出分析性的解决方案。新闻指出，有专家认为，若这些方案得到实施，将是颠覆美国的中小学现行的考试体系。（If these plans work out, itll turn the c
2、urrent testing system upside down,” said Bruce Fuller, an education professor at Berkeley.） 美国的改革值得我们思考之处很多，譬如： 1、能力成为评价的关键。 2、不是“说是风就是雨”所谓“雷厉风行”式的改革，而是现在开始实验，四五年以后实施的、有计划、有前期实验的改革计划。 3、国家资助各州改革。 4、专家参与改革设计与改革实验，而非行政首长一言堂。最近某省考试院告知，该省的新课程高中学业评价计划被该省分管教育的副省长否定，而现在该省的新课程高考改革方案又可能难以突破。省里的官员为何有权一言否决教育部的
3、改革方案？为何不需要听证会、论证会？U.S. Asks Educators to Reinvent Student Tests, and How They Are GivenNEW YORK TIMES (New York edition) September 3, 2010, Page A11By SAM DILLIONStandardized exams the multiple-choice, bubble tests in math and reading that have played a growing role in American public education in r
4、ecent years are being overhauled.Over the next four years, two groups of states, 44 in all, will get $330 million to work with hundreds of university professors and testing experts to design a series of new assessments that officials say will look very different from those in use today.The new tests
5、, which Secretary of Education Ame Duncan described in a speech in Virginia on Thursday, are to be ready for the 2014-15 school year.They will be computer-based, Mr. Duncan said, and will measure higher-order skills ignored by the multiple-choice exams used in nearly every state, including students
6、ability to read complex texts, synthesize information and do research projects.“The use of smarter technology in assessments,” Mr. Duncan said, “makes it possible to assess students by asking them to design products of experiments, to manipulate parameters, run tests and record data.”Because the new
7、 tests will be computerized and will be administered several times throughout the school year, they are expected to provide faster feedback to teachers than the current tests about what students are learning and what might need to be retaught.“If these plans work out, itll turn the current testing s
8、ystem upside down,” said Bruce Fuller, an education professor at Berkeley.The tests are being redesigned to assess the common academic standards in English and math that nearly 40 states have adopted in recent months.One group, led by Florida, will be made up of 25 states and the District of Columbi
9、a. Among its members are several large states like California, Illinois and New York. Known as the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers, the group was awarded $170 million.The other group, whose membership overlaps the first, has 31 states and is led by Washington. It incl
10、udes other Western states like Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon and Utah, as well as some in the East, like Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont. The group, which won $160 million, calls itself the Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium.Twelve of the 44 states, including Colorado, New
11、Jersey, Pennsylvania and Ohio, are participating in both groups but are expected eventually to choose one set of tests.The two groups are supposed to work in a friendly competition, though their plans are “strikingly similar,” said Elena Silva, a senior policy analyst at Education Sector, a Washingt
12、on research group, who has studied their proposals.待添加的隐藏文字内容3Both groups will produce tests that rely heavily on technology in their classroom administration and in their scoring, she noted.Both will provide not only end-of-year tests similar to those in use now but also formative tests that teache
13、rs will administer several times a year to help guide instruction, she said.And both groups tests will include so-called performance-based tasks, designed to mirror complex, real-world situations.In performance-based tasks, which are increasingly common in tests administered by the military and in o
14、ther fields, students are given a problem they could be told, for example, to pretend they are a mayor who needs to reduce a citys pollution and must sift through a portfolio of tools and write analytically about how they would use them to solve the problem.The new tests could be useful to teachers
15、by giving them information on what their students are learning, but it might also require some mid-course adjustments, several experts said.Over the past decade, the federal No Child Left Behind law has emphasized helping low-achieving students improve their basic reading and math, encouraging state
16、s to produce tests that have measured relatively low-level skills.Although the Bush-era law is still on the books, two years of Obama administration policy have been leading the public schools in new directions.The new academic standards adopted by a majority of the states, with the administrations
17、encouragement, already will require teachers to rewrite many of their lessons. The new tests, which in theory will immediately identify for teachers the concepts students have not yet learned, will require teachers to adapt classroom instruction to make use of the testing results.“This could be one
18、of the greatest challenges our teaching force has ever faced, to teach the new concepts embedded in the English and math standards, and to adapt to these new tests,” said Mark Schneider, a vice president at the American Institutes for Research and a former commissioner of the arm of the Education De
19、partment that oversees federal testing.Mr. Duncan set aside $350 million from the billions that Congress voted last year for the Race to the Top grant competition to finance the testing initiative. The department has not yet said what it will do with the $20 million not awarded to either group of st
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