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1、现代语言学自考历年真题2011 1-2001 10全国2011年1月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% 10=20% )1.There is a difference between what we know, which
2、is our linguistic competence, and how we use this knowledge in actual speech production and_, which is our linguistic performance. ( )A. creation B. communicationC. comprehension D. perception2.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _,respectively. ( )A. af
3、fricates B. stopsC. velars D. palatals3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and case are called _ morphemes. ( )A. free B. boundC. derivational D. inflectional4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain
4、head, _and complement. ( )A. modifier B. determinerC. qualifier D. specifier5. _ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( )A. Reference, sense B. Sense, referentC. Sense,
5、 reference D. Referent, sense6. According to John Austins theory of speech act, a(n) _ act is the act of expressing the speakers intention. ( ) A. prelocutionary B. locutionaryC. illocutionary D. perlocutionary7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers t
6、o the omission of a vowel segment_. ( )A. in word-initial B. in word-middleC. in word-final D. in syllable-initial8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA. We regard Black English as_. ( )A. a regional dialec
7、t B. a social dialectC. a situational dialect D. an ethnic dialect9. Among the language centers, _is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( ) A. the motor area B. Brocas areaC. Wernickes area D. the angular gyrus10. The language at _ stage begins to reflect the distinction between se
8、ntence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( )A. prelinguistic B. one-wordC. two-word D. multiwordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE wor
9、d only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%10=10% )11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the st
10、reams of sounds produced in speech is known as a phonetics.13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to create the same meaning change.14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky,
11、is inherited genetically by all human beings.15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingy are different in their e meaning.16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i .17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increas
12、e communicative clarity or expressiveness, then rule e occurs.18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other language in common.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a pa
13、rticular hemisphere of the brain is called 1 .20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to childrens development of their f language.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F
14、for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% 10=20% )21. ( ) “Theres a motorcycle coming is seen as, out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming. But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pe
15、destrian not to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics.22( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones，linguists use slashesfor phonetic segments and square brackets for phonemic segments23 ( )Prefixes mod
16、ify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word24 ( )In addition to sentences and clauses，a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function25 ( )The word“flower”and “flour”，which are ide
17、ntical in sound，but different in spelling and meaning，are homophones26( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context，pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study.27 ( )The meaning representation of words may change，becoming broader, nar
18、rower, or shiftedThe word knight once meant “youth”，but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo，“Im too fond.” She is not claiming she likes Romeo too muchShe means “I am too foolish”These are two examples of semantic broadening28 ( ) In sociolinguistics，speech communi
19、ty refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of languageSpeakers of English in general might be treated as such a community.29 ( )Generally speaking，the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to si
20、gnals from，the right side of the body30( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of “the younger the better”IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% 10=30% )31.displacement32.voicing 33.morpheme34.finite clauseponential ana
21、lysis36.declarations37.epenthesis38.speech variety39.linguistic relativism40.the nativist view of language acquisitionV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% 2=20% )41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Why did Saussure make such a distinction?42. What are the differences
22、 between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them.2011年1月全国自考现代语言学参考答案中国自考人()改写昨日遗憾 创造美好明天！用科学方法牢记知识点顺利通过考试！全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and p
23、ut the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomskys definition is to focus attention on the purely _ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view. A. lexical B. grammatical C. semantic D. structural2. We refer
24、to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as _.A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds3. A(n) _ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. A. root B. stem C. affix D. morpheme4. All sentences in all
25、 languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their _ structure. A. linear B. hierarchicalC. constituent D. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) _ is a logical participant in a predication, larg
26、ely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （ ）A. argument B. subject C. object D. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone? Speaker B: Im in the bath. Speaker B is violating the maxim of _.（ ）A. quantity B. quality C. relation D. manner7. New words may be formed from existing w
27、ords by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called _, e.g., caretake from caretaker. A. back-formation B. clippingC. blending D. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. Ther
28、e is nothing inherently _ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man. A. important B. unusualC. pejorative D. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human _. （ ）A. brain B. vocal cordsC.
29、 tongue D. articulatory organs10. In the _ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （ ）A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multi-word. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of whic
30、h is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%10=10% )11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a p
31、eriod of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a wor
32、d, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with
33、 other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speakers system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics
34、 and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne” (“not”) and “nfre” (“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the g
35、rammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c .19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language
36、 learning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learners goal is f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learners goal is social.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If
37、you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （ 2%10=20% ）21.（ ）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.（ ）In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, with the obstr
38、uction audibly released and the air passing out again, such as English stops p and t in pit. In producing p and t the flow of air is blocked through the mouth only.23.（ ）From the semantic point of view, the meaning of a compound is always perceived from the meanings of its components.24.（ ）According
39、 to the “principles-and-parameters” theory, “principles” refer to highly abstract properties of grammar which are applied to language in general and which generate phrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a, while “parameters” allow general principles to operate in certain restricted
40、ways, according to which particular grammars of natural languages vary.25.（ ）In discussing the sense relations between sentences, Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Y is true, X must be true.26.（ ）According to Austins classification of perlocutionary acts, speech acts fall into five general categories,
41、 which are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and decalrations.27.（ ）For some speakers of American English, the word ask is pronounced ks, but the word asking is pronounced skI. It is interesting that in Old English the verb ask was aksian, with the/k/preceding the/s/. This means
42、that a historical metathesis rule switched these two consonants, producing ask in most dialects of English. Metathesis is the phonological process that reorders segments, often by transposing two adjoining sound segments.28.（ ）Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard. Nonstandard varieties
43、 are regarded as substandard languages. Only standard varieties are regarded as the only correct, logical and pure, and are effective in expressing ideas in communication.29.（ ）Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.（ ）The Error Analysis approach shows that there are striking similariti
44、es in the ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37
45、. Grimms Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%2=20% )41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism” with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communicatio
46、n. What will result in euphemistic clichs?2010年10月全国自考现代语言学参考答案全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2% 10=20% )1. The language behavio
47、r of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by many other factors over and above their linguistic _. ( )A. system B. structureC. competence D. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels i: or u:, our _, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynx B. hard palateC. glottis D. vocal cor
