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1、英美文学（03119）复习大纲第一部分 英国文学一、 课程简介 本课程简要介绍英国各个历史断代的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派,主要作家; 本课程要求学生掌握英国文学史上各个时期的文学特点，出现的文学流派以及该时期一至两位重要作家的文学生涯,创作思想,艺术特色及代表作品；并要求学生做到在掌握有关知识理论的基础上使之转换这能力，即能用有关知识和理论来分析英国文学中的相关问题。二、 课程重点章节简介：第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学1. 2. 乔叟及其代表作第二章: 文艺复兴时期1. 文艺复兴的定义2. 萨士比亚的戏剧及十四行诗3. 培根的代表作第三章: 十七世纪英国文学1. 弥尔顿的代表作、诗剧的主要内
2、容及选短第四章: 启蒙运动时期 1. 新古典主义2. 伤感主义3. 笛福及代表作4. 蒲伯及代表作第五章: 浪漫主义时期1. 浪漫主义时期文学的特点2. 彭斯的创作特点及代表作3. 华兹华斯的创作特点及代表作4. 拜伦诗歌的特点及代表作第六章: 维多利亚时期1. 维多利亚时期的文学特点2. 布朗蒂姐妹的代表作第七章: 现代时期1. 现代主义文学2. 汤姆斯.哈代创作特点及代表作3. D.H.劳伦斯创作特点及代表作三、 本课程重点和难点内容简介第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学：1简介及在英国文学史上的意义。2乔叟及其代表作坎特伯雷故事集对英国文学做出的贡献。3名词解释“骑士抒情诗”第二章: 文艺复兴
3、时期：1. 文艺复兴时期的时间界定2. “文艺复兴”的名词解释3. “人文主义” 的名词解释4. 莎士比亚的 “Sonnet 18”的主题5. 哈姆雷特的性格分析6. 英语解释论学习中的句子第三章: 十七世纪英国文学：1. 英语解释弥尔顿失乐园选段中的句子2. 失乐园的主要内容和意义3. 失乐园中撒旦的人物分析第四章: 启蒙运动时期：1. 启蒙运动时期的界定2. 新古典主义的基本主张和特色3. 伤感主义的名词解释4. 鲁滨逊漂流记中鲁滨逊的人物分析5. 蒲伯的论批评的主题6. 英文解释论批评第五章: 浪漫主义时期：1. 浪漫主义时期的界定及文学特点2. 彭斯的诗歌的特点及其诗作“红玫瑰”3.
4、华兹华斯和科勒律治合作的抒情歌谣集的重要意义4. 华兹华斯的诗歌特点5. 英文解释华兹华斯“我如行云独自游”中的句子6. 拜伦“致希腊”的主题并用英语解释其中句子7. 雪莱“西风颂” 的主题并用英语解释其中句子第六章: 维多利亚时期1. 维多利亚时期的文学特点2. 艾米莉。布朗特的呼啸山庄的主题3. 夏洛特。布朗特的简。爱中简。爱的人物分析第七章: 现代时期1. 现代主义文学的特点2. 哈代的代表作及写作特点3. 劳伦斯小说的主题及人物分析四、课程内容疏理及应用领域、应用讲解方法I. Old and Medieval Period1The Anglo-Saxon Period (5th cen
5、tury 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of English )Beowulf ：It is the first long poem in English, which is considered the national epic of the English people. Although Beowulf is a national epic of the English people, but it is a story of the Scandinavians2.The Anglo Norman Period1)The most prev
6、ailing (主要的) of literature in the feudal England is Romance(骑士抒情诗).名词解释：Romance-Romance is a literature form in middle English literature means a long composition in verse or prose form dealing with the life and adventures of a noble hero, generally a knight(骑士).The knights are unfailingly devoted t
7、o the king and the church. They are commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, involving in a large amount of fightings for their lords and always encountering romantic love affairs. In romances, loyalty to king and lord is repeatedly emphasized. Romance as a form of literature, is the u
8、pper class literature.2) Geoffrey Chaucer “the father of English poetry” and “the father of English fictionHis masterpiece Canterbury Tale is regarded as one of the monumental works in English literature. 论述题：Briefly introduce the significance of Chaucer in his Canterbury Tale.(1) His contribution t
9、o English literature can be seen in two aspects:a. Realism: All kinds of people except the highest (king and the top nobility) and the lowest (the very poor laboring people) are represented by these 30 pilgrims. Besides being the typical representative of her or his own class, each character has her
10、 or his own individual qualities. Therefore it gives a true picture of Chaucers time. b. Humanism: He highly praises mans energy, quick wit and love of life, thus he reveals his ideas of humanism.(2) His contribution to English language:Ever since Norman Conquest, French and Latin were the languages
11、 used by the upper classes. Chaucer chose to use the London dialect of his day in his masterpiece. In doing so, he did much in making the London dialect the standard for the Modern English speech.II、The Renaissance Period (14th to mid-17th)名词解释：1、Renaissance :The word “Renaissance” means revival, es
12、pecially between the 14th and mid-17th century, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, therefore, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers made attempts to get ride of conservatism (保守主义) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas tha
13、t expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2.Humanism: Humanism is both the keynote of the Renaussance and the intellectual liberration movement, associate with new atti
14、tude to ancient Greek and Latin literaure. The humanists took interest in human life and human activities and gave expression to the neeew feeling of admiration for human beauty, human achievement.3.ShakespeareHis plays can be divided into four types: historical plays, comedies, tragedies and romant
15、ic tragi-comedies.Shakespeares four greatest tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth1). Hamlet,例题：论述题：What are the main themes in Shakespeares tragedies, and analysis the character- Hamlet.( Whats the theme of Hamlet? Analyze the image of Hamlet.)His tagedies often portray some noble h
16、ero who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a diffult situation whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whloe nation. The heroes have some weaknesses in their characters, which finally lead to their tragic falls.Shakespear puts forward the image of Hamlet as a humanist of
17、 the Renaissance. He has an unbounded love for the world, nature and man; he loves good, hates evil, and is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions, he shows a contempt for rank and wealth; he is a man of genius, highly accomplished and educated; he is a scholar, soldier, and statesman. His
18、image reflects the versatility of the man of the Renaissance. His weakness is his melancholy, but in spite of his melancholy and delay in action, Ham;et still retains his active energy. His learning, wisdom, noble nature, limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of
19、the 16th and 17th centuries. 2）Sonnet 18It is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare, the poet holds that the poetry will bring eternity to the one he loves. A nice summers day is usually short, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. Thus Shakespeare has a faith in the permane
20、nce of poety. 3）Sonnet 29In this poem, the poem first complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he loves.记住这两首诗及注释。例题：1.“For thy sweet love remembred such wealth brings,That then I scorn to change my state with kings.”1) Identify the
21、 poem and the poet.2) What does the word “state” mean?3) What is the poem about?Answer: 1) Snonnet 29 by Shakespeare2) Throne3) In this poem, the poem first complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he loves.4Francis Bacon(1561 1626)
22、 is regarded “Father of English Essays”.He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than as a basis for obtaining knowledge.His works : Advancement of Learning ，The great Instauration, New Atlantics, Essays(论说文集)Of the 58 e
23、ssays in Essays , “Of Study” is the better known and widely read. In this essay, Bacon tries to discuss the use and abuse of studies, the proper and improper ways to pursue ones studies, and also the effect of the different kinds of studies upon human character.记熟此文的名句及注释例题：“some books are to be rea
24、d only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others;” 1).What does “curiously” mean?2) What does “deputy” refer to?3).From which essay does the above senten
25、se come, what is the easy mainly about?Answer: 1).carefully, attentively2).person appointed to act for another3).This essay is from Bacons “of studies”. In this essay, Bacon tries to discuss the use and abuse of studies, the proper and improper ways to pursue ones studies, and also the effect of the
26、 different kinds of studies upon human character.III. The Seventeenth CenturyI John MiltonHis major literary works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes, all of which are based on the biblical legend.记熟Paradise Lost选段及注释例题：Give a brief comment on John Miltons Paradise Lost, and anaylze
27、 Satan, the hero in this poem.Answer: The poet points out at the beginning of the poem that the purpose of the epic is to “assert eternal Providence and justify the ways of God to man.” However, the main idea of the poem shown by the image of Satan, is a revolt against the tyrannys authority. The de
28、fiant spirit of Satan simply shows the proud and sombre political passions of the persecuted revolutionaries after Restoration. In the image of the first two human beings, Adam and Eve, Milton shows his belief in the power of man, and the love between Adam and Eve voices Miltons own enthusiasm for h
29、umanistic elements.Though the purpose of this poem is, in Miltons words, to “ justify the ways of God to man”, yet as Satan tries to justify himself by posing as a rebel against tyrnny, Milton apparently unconsciously makes the devil serves as his own mouthpiece. In this part Satan tells his followe
30、rs never to submit, but to fight for the bright future. The fiery utterance of Satan to his followers exposes Satan as a revolutionary who is against depression and tyranny and longing for freedom, and shows Miltons intense hatred of tyranny in the capacity of a bourgeois revolutionary. To Milton, t
31、he proud and sobre Saton represented the rebellious spirit against unjust authority. IV. The Age of Enlightenment名词解释：1. Enlightenment- It prevailed the whole 18th century. Its aim was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners put great
32、emphasis on reason, equlity and science. They insisted that reason should be the only and the final cause of any human thoughts and activities. They call for order, reason and rules. Moreover, they cherished universal education as an important means of enlightening human beings. They believed that h
33、uman beings weere limited, imperfect, and yet capable of reason and perfection through education.2Sentimentalism:-There were the writers and poets in 18th century who strove for something natural and spontaneous in thought and language. In their literature creation, emotions and sentiments began to
34、play a leading part again. An interest in nature as well as natural relations between man and man was awaken in their literature creation.3简答题What are the characteristics of Neoclassicism?Answer: 书上P103。4Daniel Defoe (1) He is regarded by many as the first true novelist, and his Robinson Crusoe has
35、a claim to be the first English novel.(2) The analysis of Robinson:Robinson represents the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stage of its development. He is most practical and exact, always religious and at the same time mindful of his own profit. He struggles hard against nature and makes her bend
36、 to his will. In describing Robinsons life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labour. Labour saves Robinson from despair and is a source of pride and happiness. He toils for the sake of subsistence, and the fruits of his labour are his own.His every voyage is connected with some commercial enterpr
37、ise, eg: he labours for his own existence, but as soon as a native makes his appearance, Robinson assumes the role of a master. Here lies colonialism in germ.5Alexander Pope.“Essay on Criticism” is didactic poem.It deplores the depth of true taste among the critics of his time, and tells the poets a
38、nd critics how to write and appreciate poetry according to the principles set up by the old Greek and Roman writers: go to nature, follow the ancient critics.The excerpt in our textbook is taken from the second part of the long poem “Essay on Criticism”. It demonstrates the danger of “a little learn
39、ing” and of the self-conceitedness of some people in learning and emphasizes the importance of learning intensively and extensively. 记熟该诗及注释。例题：those attaind, we tremble to survey The growing labours of the lengthend way,Th increasing prospect tires our wandring eyes,Hills peep oer hills, and Alps o
40、n Alps1). Identify the poem and the poet.2). What does “survey” mean?3). What does these lines imply?Answer: 1) Alexander Popes. “Essay on Criticism” 2).find2) It demonstrates the danger of “a little learning” and of the self-conceitedness of some people in learning and emphasizes the importance of
41、learning intensively and extensively.V. The Romantic Period（这一章是重点章节，注意所选诗歌的注释及主题）1.General features of Romanticism 这一部分可能出论述题或简答题（论述题要答约200个字，简答题50-80个字）参见书上P171-174。例题：How is Romanticism different from the Neoclassicism? Answer: 先论述Romanticism的特点P171-174，然后论述Neoclassicism特点P103-105。I) Robert Burns
42、记熟“Red red rose”例题（诗歌这种形式出这样的题比较多）：“Till a the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi the sun!And I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands olife shall run.”(1) Identify the poem and the poet.(2) Interpret the meaning of this stanza.(3) From the characteristics of this stanza, we can de
43、duce which period it belongs to.Answer: (1) Burns “A Red, Red Rose”(2) The theme of it is permanent love, which itself is deep, genuine and natural(3) Romanticism2) Wordsworth: the representative poet of passive romanticism, Poet Laureate(桂冠诗人) of England.The publication of the “Lyrical Ballads” mar
44、ked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England.Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake poets”.记熟 “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” 及注释、主题“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” is regarded a
45、s the most anthologized poem in English literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordsworths poetic belifs.3）Byron:(1) He created “Byronic Hero” in his works.(2)“The Isles of Greece”In this poem, the poet describes Greece with deep passion. He laments her fallen state and speaks of her forem
46、ans glory and power, her brave men and heroic deeds. With strong passion he tries to arouse the Greek peoples patriotic feelings so that they might rise against the Turkish invasion.记熟 “The Isles of Greece” 及注释4）Shelley“Ode to the West Wind” is one of the most prized of Shelleys shorter lyrics.In th
47、is poem, Shelly eulogizes the powerful west wind and expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. The main theme of the poem is his call for political and social reform.记熟 “Ode to the West Wind” 及注释5）The major novelists of the English Romantic Period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.VI. The Victorian Period(这一章着重于小说，注意小说的主题是什么，主角是谁，主角的人物分析)1.Characteristics of this age:1) an age of proseSince the wide spread of education, the number of readers has increased and it is the age of newspapers, magazines, and modern novels.Newspapers, magazines are about the wo
