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1、TCP/IP通信协议概述课前学习：弄懂如下概念：协议、TCP/IP、IP地址、子网掩码、IP路由器协议网络上的每台计算机之间或者计算机与设备之间，互相传递的信号只是一连串的“0”与“1”，这一连串的电子信号到底代表什么意义，必须通过一套标准的规则互相沟通，就好像人类用“语言”互相沟通一样，这个用于沟通计算机的规则就称为“通信协议”。Windows server 2003支持多种通信协议，其中的TCP/IP是windows server 2003网络依赖最深的通信协议。 TCP/IP通信协议是目前最完整、最被广泛支持的通信协议，它可以让不同网络结构、不同操作系统的计算机之间相互沟通，例如，Win
2、dows Server 2003、 Windows 2000 计算机、UNIX主机、大型计算机、NetWare客户端等，它还是因特网的标准通信协议，更是Windows Server 2003活动目录域所必须采用的通信协议。在TCP/IP的网络上，每台连接在网络上的计算机与设备被称为是一台“主机”，而主机与主机之间的沟通主要通过以下3个桥梁:IP地址子网掩码IP路由器IP地址在以TCP/IP为通信协议的网络上,每台主机都有惟一的IP地址(它的功能就好像是门牌号码)，也就是不可以与其他的主机相同。IP地址不但可以用来标识每台主机，其中也隐含着网络之间的路由信息。 IP地址占用32位一般是以4个十进
3、制数表示，每个数字称为一个octet.。octet与octet之间用点隔开，例如:192.168.1.31（IPV464位，IPV6128位）这个32位的IP地址内包含了Network ID与Host ID两部分数据:Network ID网络标识码。每个网络都有惟一的网络标识码。Host ID主机标识码，同一个网络内的每台主机都必须有惟一的主机标识码。如果网络要与外界沟通，则必须为此网络申请一个Network ID，也就是整个网络内的所有主机都使用一个相同的Network ID,然后给网络内每台主机分配惟一的Host ID,因此网络上每台主机就都会有惟一的1P地址(Network ID与Hos
4、t ID的组合)。用户可以直接向ISP申请Network ID.当然，如果网络并没有与外界的因特网连接在一起，那么可以不申请Network ID，而自行选用任何一个可用的Network ID，不过别忘了网络内各主机的IP地址不能相同。IP类 IP地址被分为类A,类B,类C、类D.类E 五大类，其中只有类A、类B、类c是可供一般主机使用的IP地址。在中请Network ID时，可以根据公司的网络规模选择适合的Network ID.表1.1为各类的分布状况，IP地址共占用4个字节（byte），表中将IP地址的4个字节用W，X，Y,Z的形式表示。类A 类A的IP地址适合于超大型的网络，其Networ
5、k ID 占用一个字节（W），W值的可用范围是1126。因此，可以提供126个类A的Network ID。HostID共占用X、Y、Z三个字节（1 个字节=8个位），该24个位可以支持（2的24次方=16 777 216-2=16 777 214台主机（减2的原因后述）类B 类B的IP地址适合于中、大型网络，其Network ID 占用两个字节（W、X），W值的可用范围是128-191，它可以提供（191-128+1）*256=17384个类B的网络。Host ID共占用Y、Z两个字节，因此，每个网络可以支持（2的16次方-2=65536-2=65534台主机（减2的原因后述）。类C 类C的I
6、P地址适合于小型网络，其Network ID 占用两个字节（W、X、Y），W值的可用范围是192-223，它可以提供（223-192+1）*256*256=2097152个类C的网络。Host ID只占用一个字节（Z），因此，每个网络可以支持（2的8次方-2=254台主机（减2的原因后述）。在设置主机的IP地址时，需要注意以下的事项:Network ID不可以是127。127是用来执行循环测试的，不可以用作其他用途。用户可以利用ping 127.0.0.1命令执行循环测试，以便检查网卡与驱动程序是否正常工作。每个网络的第1个IP地址是代表网络本身，最后一个IP地址代表广播地址。因此实际可分配给
7、主机的IP地址将少2个。例如，如果用户申请到的Network ID为 203.3.6，则共有203.3.6-0-203.3.6.255的256个IP地址.但203.3.6.0是用来代表这个网络(因此，一般会说该网络的Network ID为4个字节的203.3.6.0.而不是3个字节的203.3.6 ):而203.3.6.255是保留给广播用途的(255代表广播)。例如，如果给203.3.6.255这个地址发送信息.则表示将信息广播给Network ID为203.3.6.0网络内的所有主机。下图所示的网络属于类C，其network ID为192.168.1.0，其中5台主机的Host ID分别为
8、1,2,3,4,5。子网掩码子网掩码也是占用32位，当IP网络上的两台主机在相互沟通时，它们利用子网掩码得知双方的Network ID，从而得知彼此是否在相同的网络内。下表所示为各类默认的子网掩码设置值，表中为1的位用来定出Network ID，为0的位用来定出Host ID，例如，如果某台主机的IP地址为.92.168.1.3，其二进制值为10101000.00000001.00000011 ，而子网掩码为255.255.255.0 ，其二进制值的为11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000。.Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored tw
9、o tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a
10、try since Josh Charnleys effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny B
11、ill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.Id give every award back in a h
12、eartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Su
13、nday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans during
14、Citys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA.
15、 Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover.
16、The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 m
17、iles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving pl
18、atform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in
19、 the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goa
20、l-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Bi
21、lly Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.
