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1、毕业设计说明书外文文献及中文翻译学生姓名： 学号： 学 院： 系 名： 电子与计算机科学技术系 专 业： 电子科学与技术 指导教师： 2011 年 6月RS-422 and RS-485 application noteChapter 1: OverviewIntroduction The purpose of this application note is to describe the main elements of an RS-422 and RS-485 system. This application note attempts to cover enough technical
2、 details so that the system designer will have considered all the important aspects in his data system design. Since both RS-422 and RS-485 are data transmission systems that use balanced differential signals, it is appropriate to discuss both systems in the same application note. Throughout this ap
3、plication note the generic terms of RS-422 and RS-485 will be used to represent the EIA/TIA-422 and EIA/TIA-485 Standards.Data Transmission Signals Unbalanced Line Drivers Each signal that transmits in an RS-232 unbalanced data transmission system appears on the interface connector as a voltage with
4、 reference to a signal ground. For example, the transmitted data (TD) from a DTE device appears on pin 2 with respect to pin 7 (signal ground) on a DB-25 connector. This voltage will be negative if the line is idle and alternate between that negative level and a positive level when data is sent with
5、 a magnitude of 5 to 15 volts. The RS-232 receiver typically operates within the voltage range of +3 to +12 and -3 to -12 volts as shown in Figure 1.1. Figure 1.1: RS-232 Interface CircuitBalanced Line DriversIn a balanced differential system the voltage produced by the driver appears across a pair
6、of signal lines that transmit only one signal. Figure 1.2 shows a schematic symbol for a balanced line driver and the voltages that exist. A balanced line driver will produce a voltage from 2 to 6 volts across its A and B output terminals and will have a signal ground (C) connection. Although proper
7、 connection to the signal ground is important, it isnt used by a balanced line receiver in determining the logic state of the data line. A balanced line driver can also have an input signal called an “Enable” signal. The purpose of this signal is to connect the driver to its output terminals, A and
8、B. If the “Enable” signal is OFF, one can consider the driver as disconnected from the transmission line. An RS-485 driver must have the “Enable” control signal. An RS-422 driver may have this signal, but it is not always required. The disconnected or disabled condition of the line driver usually is
9、 referred to as the “tristate1” condition of the driver.1The term “tristate” comes from the fact that there is a third output state of an RS-485 driver, in addition to the output states of “1” and “0.”Figure 1.2: Balanced Differential Output Line DriverBalanced Line ReceiversA balanced differential
10、line receiver senses the voltage state of the transmission line across two signal input lines, A and B. It will also have a signal ground (C) that is necessary in making the proper interface connection. Figure 1.3 is a schematic symbol for a balanced differential line receiver. Figure 1.3 also shows
11、 the voltages that are important to the balanced line receiver. If the differential input voltage Vab is greater than +200 mV the receiver will have a specific logic state on its output terminal. If the input voltage is reversed to less than -200 mV the receiver will create the opposite logic state
12、on its output terminal. The input voltages that a balanced line receiver must sense are shown in Figure 1.3. The 200 mV to 6 V range is required to allow for attenuation on the transmission line.Figure 1.3: Balanced Differential Input Line ReceiverEIA Standard RS-422 Data TransmissionThe EIA Standar
13、d RS-422-A entitled “Electrical Characteristics of Balanced Voltage Digital Interface Circuits” defines the characteristics of RS-422 interface circuits. Figure 1.4 is a typical RS-422 four-wire interface. Notice that five conductors are used. Each generator or driver can drive up to ten (10) receiv
14、ers. The two signaling states of the line are defined as follows:a. When the “A” terminal of the driver is negative with respect to the “B” terminal, the line is in a binary 1 (MARK or OFF) state.b. When the “A” terminal of the driver is positive with respect to the “B” terminal, the line is in a bi
15、nary 0 (SPACE or ON) state.Figure 1.5 shows the condition of the voltage of the balanced line for an RS-232 to RS-422 converter when the line is in the “idle” condition or OFF state. It also shows the relationship of the “A” and “B” terminals of an RS-422 system and the “-“ and “+” terminal markings
16、 used on many types of equipment. The “A” terminal is equivalent to the “-“ designation, and the “B” terminal equivalent to the “+” designation. The same relationship shown in Figure 1.5 also applies for RS-485 systems. RS-422 can withstand a common mode voltage (Vcm) of 7 volts.Common mode voltage
17、is defined as the mean voltage of the A and B terminals with respect to signal ground.Figure 1.4: Typical RS-422 Four Wire NetworkFigure 1.5: Relationship between EIA Standard “A” and “B” terminals on an RS-422 or RS-485 Deviceand “+”and “-” Identification ConventionNOTE： Under “idle” conditions it
18、is possible to determine which terminal is “A” and which is “B”.EIA Standard RS-485 Data TransmissionThe RS-485 Standard permits a balanced transmission line to be shared in a party line or multidrop mode.As many as 32 driver/receiver pairs can share a multidrop network. Many characteristics of the
19、drivers and receivers are the same as RS-422. The range of the common mode voltage Vcm that the driver and receiver can tolerate is expanded to +12 to -7 volts. Since the driver can be disconnected or tristated from the line, it must withstand this common mode voltage range while in the tristate con
20、dition.Some RS-422 drivers, even with tristate capability, will not withstand the full Vcm voltage range of +12 to -7 volts.Figure 1.6 shows a typical two-wire multidrop network.Note that the transmission line is terminated on both ends of the line but not at drop points in the middle of the line. T
21、ermination should only be used with high data rates and long wiring runs. A detailed discussion of termination can be found in Chapter 2 of this application note. The signal ground line is also recommended in an RS-485 system to keep the common mode voltage that the receiver must accept within the -
22、7 to +12 volt range. Further discussion of grounding can be found in Chapter 3 of this application note.Figure 1.6: typical RS-485 two wire multidrop networkAn RS-485 network can also be connected in a four-wire mode as shown in Figure 1.7. Note that four data wires and an additional signal ground w
23、ire are used in a “four-wire” connection. In a four-wire network it is necessary that one node be a master node and all others be slaves. The network is connected so that the master node communicates to all slave nodes. All slave nodes communicate only with the master node. This network has some adv
24、antages with equipment with mixed protocol communications. Since the slave nodes never listen to another slave response to the master, a slave node cannot reply incorrectly to another slave node.Figure 1.7: typical RS-485 four wire multidrop networkTristate Control of an RS-485 Device using RTSAs di
25、scussed previously, an RS-485 system must have a driver that can be disconnected from the transmission line when a particular node is not transmitting. In an RS-232 to RS-485 converter or an RS-485 serial card, this may be implemented using the RTS control signal from an asynchronous serial port to
26、enable the RS-485 driver. The RTS line is connected to the RS-485 driver enable such that setting the RTS line to a high (logic 1) state enables the RS-485 driver. Setting the RTS line low (logic 0) puts the driver into the tristate condition.This in effect disconnects the driver from the bus, allow
27、ing other nodes to transmit over the same wire pair. Figure 1.8 shows a timing diagram for a typical RS-232 to RS-485 converter. The waveforms show what happens if the VRTS waveform is narrower than the data VSD. This is not the normal situation, but is shown here to illustrate the loss of a portion
28、 of the data waveform. When RTS control is used, it is important to be certain that RTS is set high before data is sent. Also, the RTS line must then be set low after the last data bit is sent. This timing is done by the software used to control the serial port and not by the converter.Figure 1.8: T
29、iming Diagram for RS-232 to RS-485 Converter with RTS Control of RS-485 Driver and ReceiverNote: 1 .Voltage here is determined by other devices on the line 2 .All peak values of voltages are approximateWhen an RS-485 network is connected in a two-wire multidrop party line mode, the receiver at each
30、node will be connected to the line (see Figure 1.6). The receiver can often be configured to receive an echo of its own data transmission. This is desirable in some systems, and troublesome in others. Be sure to check the data sheet for your converter to determine how the receiver “enable” function
31、is connected.Figure 1.9 - Timing Diagram for RS-232 to RS-485 Converter with Send Data (SD) Control of RS-485 Driver and ReceiverNote: 1. Voltage here is determined by other devices on the line .2. This timing interval determined by components in timing circuit. The start of this interval is determi
32、ned by the leading edge of each data bit .3 . All peak values of voltages are approximate.Chapter 2: System ConfigurationNetwork TopologiesNetwork configuration isnt defined in the RS-422 or RS-485 specification. In most cases the designer can use a configuration that best fits the physical requirem
33、ents of the system.Two Wire or Four Wire SystemsRS-422 systems require a dedicated pair of wires for each signal, a transmit pair, a receive pair and an additional pair for each handshake/control signal used (if required). The tristate capabilities of RS-485 allow a single pair of wires to share tra
34、nsmit and receive signals for half-duplex communications. This “two wire” configuration (note that an additional ground conductor should be used) reduces cabling cost. RS-485 devices may be internally or externally configured for two wire systems. Internally configured RS-485 devices simply provide
35、A and B connections (sometimes labeled “-“ and “+”).Figure 2.1: typical RS-485 Four wire Multidrop networkDevices configured for four wire communications bring out A and B connections for both the transmit and the receive pairs. The user can connect the transmit lines to the receive lines to create
36、a two wire configuration. The latter type device provides the system designer with the most configuration flexibility. Note that the signal ground line should also be connected in the system. This connection is necessary to keep the Vcm common mode voltage at the receiver within a safe range. The in
37、terface circuit may operate without the signal ground connection, but may sacrifice reliability and noise immunity. Figures 2.1 and 2.2 illustrate connections of two and four wire systems.Figure 2.2: Type RS-485 Two Wire Multdrop networkTerminationTermination is used to match impedance of a node to
38、the impedance of the transmission line being used. When impedance are mismatched, the transmitted signal is not completely absorbed by the load and a portion is reflected back into the transmission line. If the source, transmission line and load impedance are equal these reflections are eliminated.
39、There are disadvantages of termination as well. Termination increases load on the drivers, increases installation complexity, changes biasing requirements and makes system modification more difficult.The decision whether or not to use termination should be based on the cable length and data rate use
40、d by the system. A good rule of thumb is if the propagation delay of the data line is much less than one bit width, termination is not needed. This rule makes the assumption that reflections will damp out in several trips up and down the data line. Since the receiving UART will sample the data in th
41、e middle of the bit, it is important that the signal level be solid at that point. For example, in a system with 2000 feet of data line the propagation delay can be calculated by multiplying the cable length by the propagation velocity of the cable. This value, typically 66 to 75% of the speed of li
42、ght (c), is specified by the cable manufacture.For our example, a round trip covers 4000 feet of cable. Using a propagation velocity of 0.66c, one round trip is completed in approximately 6.2 s. If we assume the reflections will damp out in three “round trips” up and down the cable length, the signa
43、l will stabilize 18.6 s after the leading edge of a bit. At 9600 baud one bit is 104 s wide. Since the reflections are damped out much before the center of the bit, termination is not required.There are several methods of terminating data lines. The method recommended by B&B is parallel termination.
44、 A resistor is added in parallel with the receivers “A” and “B” lines in order to match the data line characteristic impedance specified by the cable manufacture (120 is a common value). This value describes the intrinsic impedance of the transmission line and is not a function of the line length. A
45、 terminating resistor of less than 90 should not be used. Termination resistors should be placed only at the extreme ends of the data line, and no more than two terminations should be placed in any system that does not use repeaters. This type of termination clearly adds heavy DC loading to a system
46、 and may overload port powered RS-232 to RS-485 converters. Another type of termination, AC coupled termination, adds a small capacitor in series with the termination resistor to eliminate the DC loading effect. Although this method eliminates DC loading, capacitor selection is highly dependent on t
47、he system properties. System designers interested in AC termination are encouraged to read National Semiconductors Application Note 9032 for further information. Figure 2.3 illustrates both parallel and AC termination on an RS-485 two-wire node. In four-wire systems, the termination is placed across
48、 the receiver of the node. Figure 2.3: Parallel and AC TerminationBiasing an RS-485 Network When an RS-485 network is in an idle state, all nodes are in listen (receive) mode. Under this condition there are no active drivers on the network, all drivers are tristated. Without anything driving the net
49、work, the state of the line is unknown. If the voltage level at the receivers A and B inputs is less than 200 mV the logic level at the output of the receivers will be the value of the last bit received. In order to maintain the proper idle voltage state, bias resistors must be applied to force the d
