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1、Triple wireless voice data transmission system designStudent :, Instructor :, University Every day, in our work and in our leisure time, we come in contact with and use a variety of modern communication media, the most common being the telephone, radio, television, and the Internet. Though these med
2、ia we are able to communicate (nearly) instantaneously with people on diffident continents, transact our daily business, and receive information about various developments and events of note that occur all around the world. Electronic mail and facsimile transmission have made it possible to rapidly
3、communicate written message across great distances. Wireless communications. The development of wireless communications stems from the works of Oersted, Faraday, Gauss, Maxwell, and Hertz. In1820, Oersted demonstrated that an electric current produces a magnetic field. On August 29,1831,Michael Fara
4、day showed that an induced current is produced by moving a magnet in the vicinity of a conductor. Thus, he demonstrated that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field. With this early work as background, James C. Maxwell in 1864 predicted the existence of electromagnetic radiation and for
5、mulated the basic theory that has been in use for over a century. Maxwells theory was verified experimentally by Hertz in 1887. In 1894, a sensitive device that could device that could detect radio signals, called the coherer, was used by its inventor Oliver Lodge to demonstrate wireless communicati
6、on over a distance of 150 yards at Oxford, England. Guglielmo Marconi is credited with the development of wireless telegraphy. Marconi demonstrated the transmission of radio signals at a distance of approximately 2 kilometers in 1895. Two years later, in 1897 , he patented a radio telegraph system a
7、nd established the Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company. On December 12, 1901, Marconi received a radio signal at Signal Hill in Newfoundland, which was transmitted from Cornwall, England, a distance of about 1700 miles. The invention of the vacuum tube was especially instrumental in the developmen
8、t of radio communication system .The vacuum diode was invented by Fleming in 1904 and the vacuum triode amplifier was invented by De Forest in 1906, as previously indicated. The invention of the triode made radio broadcast possible in the early part of the twentieth century. Amplitude modulation (AM
9、) broadcast was initiated in 1920 when radio station KDKA, Pittsburgh, went on the air. From that date, AM radio broadcasting grew rapidly across the country and around the world. The super heterodyne AM radio receiver, as we know it today, was invented by Edwin Armstrong during World War I. Another
10、 significant development in radio communications was the invention of Frequency modulation (FM), also by Armstrong. In 1933, Armstrong built and demonstrated the first FM communication system. However, the use of FM was slow to develop compared with AM broadcast. It was not until the end of World Wa
11、r II that FM broadcast gained in popularity and developed commercially. The first television system was built in the United States by V. K. Zworykin and demonstrated in 1929. Commercial television broadcasting began in London in 1936 by the British Broadcasting Corporation(BBC) . Five years later th
12、e Federal Communications Commission(FCC) authorized television broadcasting in the United States. ELEMENTS OF AN ELECTRICAL COMMUNICA SYSTEM Electrical communication systems are designed to send messages or information from a source that generates the message to one more destinations. In general, a
13、communication system can be represented by the functional block diagram shown . The information generated by the source may be of the form of voice (speech source), a picture (image source), or plain text in some particular language, such as English , Japanese, German , French, etc. An essential fea
14、ture of any source that generates information is that its output is described in probabilistic terms; i.e., the output of a source is not deterministic. Otherwise, there would be no need to transmit the message. A transducer is usually required to convert the output of a source into an electrical si
15、gnal that is suitable for transmission. For example, a microphone serves as the transducer that converts an acoustic speech signal. At the destination, a similar transducer is required to convert the electrical signals that are received into a form that is suitable for the user; e.g., acoustic signa
16、ls, images, etc. The heart of the communication system consists of three basic parts, namely, the transmitter, the channel, and the receiver. The functions performed by these three elements are described next.The Transmitter. The Transmitter converts the electrical signal into a form that is suitabl
17、e for transmission though the physical channel or transmission medium. For example, in radio and TV broadcast, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) specifies the frequency range for each transmitting station. Hence, the transmitter must translate the information signal to be transmitted into
18、the appropriate The Transmitter range that matches the frequency allocation assigned to the transmitter. Thus, signal transmitted by multiple radio station do not interfere with one another. Similar functions are performed in telephone communication systems where the electrical speech signals from m
19、any users are transmitted over the same wire. In general, the transmitter performs the matching of the message signal to the channel by a process called modulation. Usually, modulation involves the use of the information signal to systematically vary either the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a si
20、nusoidal carrier. For example, in AM radio broadcast, the information signal that is transmitted is contained in the amplitude variations of the sinusoidal carrier, which is the center frequency in the amplitude modulation. In FM radio broadcast., the information signal that is transmitted is contai
21、ned in the frequency variations of the sinusoidal carrier. This is an example of frequency modulation. Phase modulation (PM) is yet a third method for impressing the information signal on a sinusoidal carrier.In general, carrier modulation such as AM, FM, and PM is performed at the transmitter, as i
22、ndicated above, to convert the information signal to a form that matches the characteristics of the channel. Thus, though the process of modulation, the choice of the type of modulated in frequency to match the allocation of the channel. The choice of the type of modulation is based on several facto
23、rs, such as the amount of bandwidth over the channel, the type of noise and the interference that the signal encounters in transmission. In any case, the modulation process makes it possible to accommodate the transmission of multiple messages from many users over the same physical channel.In additi
24、on to modulation, other functions that are usually performed at the transmitter are filtering of the information-bearing signal , amplification of the modulated signal, and in case of wireless transmission, radiation of the signal by means of a transmitting antenna.The channel. The communications ch
25、annel is the physical medium that is used to send the signal from the transmitter to the receiver. In wireless transmission, the channel is usually the atmosphere (free space). On the other hand, telephone channels usually employ a variety of physical media, including wirelines, optical fiber cables
26、, and wireless (microwave radio). Whatever the physical medium for signal transmission, the essential feature is that the transmitted signal is corrupted in a random manner by a variety of possible mechanisms. The most common from of signal degradation comes in the form of additive noise ,which is g
27、enerated at the front end of the receiver, where signal amplification is performed. This noise is often called thermal noise. In wire less transmission, additional additive disturbances are man-made noise, and atmospheric noise picked up by a receiving antenna. Automovile ignition noise is an exampl
28、e of man-made noise, and electrical lightning discharges from thunderstorms is an example of atmospheric noise. Interference from other users of the channel is another form of additive noise that often arises in both wireless and wire line communication systems .In some radio communication channels,
29、 such as the ionospheric channel that is used for long range ,short-wave radio transmission, another form of signal degradation is multipath propagation. Such signal distortion is characterized as a nonadditive signal disturbance which manifests itself as time variations in the signal amplitude, usu
30、ally called fading .Both additive and nonadditive signal distortions are usually characterized as random phenomena and described in statistical terms. The effect of these signal distortions must be taken into account on the design of the communication system. In the design of a communication system,
31、 the system, the system designer works with mathematical models that statistically characterize he signal distortion encountered on physical channels. Often, the statistical description that is used in mathematical model is a result of actual empirical measurements obtained from experiments involvin
32、g signal transmission over such channels .In such cases , there is a physical justification for the mathematical model used in the design of communication systems. On the other hand, in some communication system designs ,the statistical characteristics of the channel may vary significantly with time
33、. In such cases, the system design may designer may design a communication system that is robust to the variety of signal distortions. This can be accomplished by having the system adapt some of its parameters to the channel distortion encountered. The receiver. The function of the receiver is to re
34、cover the message signal contained in the received signal. If the message signal is transmitted by carrier modulation, the receiver performs carrier demodulation in order to extract the message from the sinusoidal carrier. Since the signal demodulation is performed in the presence of additive noise
35、and possibly other signal distortion, the demodulated message signal is generally degraded to some extent by the presence of these distortions in the received signal. As we shall see, the fidelity of the additive noise, the type and strength of any other additive interference, and the type of any no
36、nadditive interference. Besides performing the primary function of signal demodulation, the receiver also performs a number of peripheral functions, including signal filtering and noise suppression.Digital Communication SystemAn electrical communication system in rather broad terms based on the impl
37、icit assumption that message signal is a continuous timevarying waveform. We refer to such continuous-time signal waveforms as analog sources. Analog signal can be transmitted directly via modulation over the communication channel and demodulated accordingly at the receiver. We call such a i communi
38、cation system an analog communication system.Alternatively, an analog source output may be converted into a digital form and the message can be transmitted via digital modulation as a digital signal at the receiver. There are some potential advantage to transmitting an analog signal by means of digi
39、tal modulation. The most important reason is that signal fidelity is better controlled though digital transmission than analog transmission. In particular, digital transmission allows us to regenerate the digital signal in long-distance transmission, thus eliminating effects of noise at each regener
40、ation point. In contrast, the noise added in analog transmission is amplified along with the signal when amplifiers are used periodically to boost the signal level in long-distance transmission. Another reason for choosing digital transmission over analog is that the analog message signal may be hig
41、hly redundant. With digital processing, redundancy may be removed prior to modulation, thus conserving channel bandwidth. Yet a third reason may be that digital communication systems are often cheaper to implement.In some applications, the information to be transmitted is inherently digital; e.g., i
42、n the form of English text, computer data, etc. In such cases, the information source that generates the data is called a discrete (digital)source. In a digital communication systems , the some applications, the functional operations performed at the transmitter and receiver must be expanded to incl
43、ude message signal discrimination at the transmitter and message signal synthesis or interpolation at the receiver. Additional functions include redundancy removal, and channel coding and decoding. The source output may be either an analog signal, such as audio or video signal, or a digital signal ,
44、 such as the output of a computer which is discrete in time and has a finite number of output characters. In a digital communication system, the message produced by the source are usually converted into a sequence of binary digits as possible. In other words, we seek inefficient representation of th
45、e source output of either an analog or a digital source into a sequence of binary digits is called source encoding or date compression. The sequence of binary digits from the coerce encoder, which we call the information sequence is passed to the channel encoder. The purpose of the channel encoder i
46、s to introduce, in a controlled manner, some redundancy in binary information sequence which can be used at the receiver to overcome the effects of noise and interference encountered in the transmission of the signal though the channel. Thus the added redundancy serves to increase the reliability of
47、 the received data and improves the fidelity in decoding the deceived signal. In fact, redundancy serves in the information sequence aids the receiver in decoding the desired information sequence .The binary sequence at the output of the channel encoder is passed to the digital modulator, which serv
48、ers as the interface to the communications channel. Since nearly all of the communication channels encountered in practice are capable of transmitting electrical signals (waveforms), the primary purpose of the digital modulator is to map the binary information sequence into signal waveforms.At the r
49、eceiving end of a digital communication system, the digital demodulator processes the channel-corrupted transmitted waveform and reduces reduce each waveform to a signal number that represents an estimate of the transmitted data symbol (binary or Mary) . When there is no redundancy in the transmitted information, the demodulator must decide which of the M waveform was transmitted in any given time interval. A measure of how well the demodulator and encoder perform is the frequency with which errors o
