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1、INTELLECTUAL IC CARD GAS METER IMPLEMENTATIONAuthor and Presenter: Matthew,KerryRay IC card reader Acoustical Society of America Journal, Volume 111, Issue4, pp. 1516-1516 (2002).As the development of the worldwide computer and information technology, the global information era has come. Every count
2、ry is taking actions for its development in high technology fields. Chinese government is also dedicating itself to build an information-based national economy; while application projects represented by Gold Card Project speeds up our pace in moving towards international economic integration. As the
3、 representative of Gold Card Project, IC technology is no doubt the most excellent application technology. It transits from the earliest coin box type into magcard type and later into current IC card type. IC card, whose shape is similar to the magcard covering magnetic stripe, is an intellectual ca
4、rd (also named integrated circuit card), which embeds an integrated circuit chip into a plastic substrate and seals it into the form of card. The main purpose to develop IC card technology is to realize the electrical cash payment, deposit and exchange, to reduce the turnover of cash and to realize
5、e-commerce and prepayment of public utility etc.IC card natural gas meter is a new-style gas meter developed in recent several years, consisting of metered sensor circuit, MCU of low power consumption, valve of low power consumption, voltage testing circuit, circuit of guarding against gas theft, fl
6、ow monitoring circuit, and so on. Compared with the traditional involucra gas meter, more functions such as accurate counting, transmission medium function of intellectual card, automatic processing of the valve, illegal operation processing, under-voltage processing, power down processing, data dow
7、nloading, data display, and voice prompt are added to this new type. IC card technology is becoming more and more mature through manufacturers years of effort made on the improvement and renovation and its more and more widely used. IC card gas meter basically solved the difficult problem of chargin
8、g for the use of gas. Meanwhile, the progressing of the times, the enhancing of residents democratic consciousness and the improving of the living standard also challenge the traditional methods to collect fees which supplies gas first, then send some persons to each residence to get the readings of
9、 the meters and get payment later. The popularization of IC card technology has substantially solved the problems mentioned above, taking the interests of both providers and customers into consideration at the same time. For providers, three difficult problems are solved： Visiting the customers to w
10、rite down the amount of gas being used, urging the customers to pay, and the dissension between providers and customers. For customers, three problems are also solved： Disturbance made by the people who make an appointment with users and mean to visit users to record the gas consumption, restrained
11、use of gas, and restriction of local government charge. This not only provides customers with convenience, but also diminishes the economic cost of providers. IC card gas meter will dominate the market of gas meter in the future.Statistics in recent years indicates that the domestic safety and preca
12、ution products develop rapidly at a compound annual growth rate of 20%-30%. The cumulative annual production value of safety and precaution products is 30-40 billion. Take Beijing area as an example, the absorption of safety and precaution market was just 0.5 billion in 1996 and 0.625 billion in 199
13、7, while in 1998 the popularization of finance networking made the absorption of market soar to 1.36 billion and in 1999 it was 0.92 billion. In recent years it remains more than 1 billion. Since the entire infrastructure for Olympic Games should be completed before 2006, authorities point out that
14、the period between 2004 and 2005 will offer numerous business opportunities for the manufacture, distribution and engineering installation of safety and precaution products, and the market will reach a new peak. In developed countries, the orientation of safety and precaution products is networked a
15、nd wireless, which will also be our development orientation. Presently many domestic safety and precaution products have developed into wireless ones, such as various detectors and vidicons, but yet technique leaves much room to desire. Performing networked safety and precaution has more strategic s
16、ignificance. The profit pattern should shift from the existing distribution and installation to security service to pursue more extra value and network will be the only way. Thus it can be seen that safety and precaution technique still has a long way to go.This document aims to prompt the applicati
17、on of SPMC65 family MCU so that Sunplus 8-bit MCU can reinforce the development of domestic safety and precaution industry.System IntroductionThe intellectual IC card gas meter is composed of a power supply circuit, an IC card read/write circuit, a microcontroller, a control valve, a displaying modu
18、le, and a battery box position detector.When inserting an IC card with purchased gas volume (in the form of encryption value) into the meter, the meter will open the valve and begin gas supply under the electric control system. If a meter unit runs out, the meter circuit will issue a serial group of
19、 metered pulse wave with uniform period. If the pulse sequence is proved to be valid by the electric control system, a metered unit will be detracted from the volume and the LCD module will display the surplus volume. Normally, the control valve is in on state. It will be off if there is an exceptio
20、n. When the purchased volume is used up, the power supply is cut off automatically, and users need to recharge the card to resume the supply. Information read from IC card will be stored into meter EEPROM memory whose I2C adopts 24C01 chip to memorize important data reliably for a long time under po
21、wer-off state. The life span of the chip reached up to 106. When the card is inserted into the meter, the key data such as password, number, purchase volume and the gas consumption record will be stored in 24C01 chip in the form of cryptograph.Smart Card Interface Standard - ISO 7816 is an internati
22、onal standard that describes the interface requirements for contact-type smart cards.These standards have multiple parts. For instance, part 1, 2 and 3 are applicable to card readers.Part 1 defines the physical characteristics of the cardPart 2 defines dimension and location of smart card chip conta
23、ctsPart 3 defines the electronic signals and transmission protocols of the card. Card readers may be referred to as conforming to ISO 7816 1/2/3, or in its simplified term, ISO 7816.Driver - This refers to the software used by the operating system (OS) of a PC for managing a smart card and applicabl
24、e card reader. To read a smart ID card, the driver of the card reader must be PC/SC compliant which is supported by most card reader products currently available. It should be noted that different OS would require different drivers. In acquiring card readers, the compatibility between the driver and
25、 the OS has to be determined and ensured. Smart card readers are also used as smart card programmers to configure and personalize integrated circuit cards. It wont take long before smart card readers become an integral part of every computer - and, subsequently, the lives of computer users. Computer
26、 systems with keyboards that have smart card reader/writer integration are also available.These programmers not only read data, but also put data into the card memory.The reader provides a path for your application to send and receive commands from the card .There are many types of readers available
27、, such as serial, IC card, and standard keyboard models .Unfortunately , the ISO group was unable to provide a standard for communicating with the readers so there is no one-size-fits-all approach to smart card communication。Each manufacturer provides a different protocol for communication with the
28、reaEach manufacturer provides a different protocol for communication with the reader. First you have to communicate with the reader .Second , the reader communicates with the card, acting as the intermediary before sending the data to the card. Third , communication with a smart card is based on the
29、 APDU format .The card will process the data and return it to the reader, which will then return the data to its originating source.Battery Voltage & Battery Box Position Detection Circuit and The LCD and The Acousto-optic Alarming CircuitIf the battery voltage is lower than the required, an alarm w
30、ill be generated from both the displaying circuit and the alarm circuit to prompt users to replace with new batteries. To secure system power supply, the current circuit carries out high sensitive detection to find the position of the battery box. When the box is pulled open, the circuit outputs dat
31、a in low level, and the micro-controller is going to close the control valve. The control valve is opened automatically after the battery box is fixed well.The LCD displays the following information： low voltage, purchased volume, valve state, card error, surplus volume. The acousto-optic alarm is c
32、ontrolled by the microcontroller and composed of an LED and a buzzer.Device FeatureSPMC65P2404A, an industrial 8-bit micro-controller of Sunplus, provides powerful features for driving the gas meter. Sunplus 8-bit micro-controller - 182 instructions- 11 addressing modes- Operation frequency： 8M HzBi
33、t operation instructions (Set, Clear, Inverse, Test) Two 8- bit programmable Timer/Counter (auto initialization)- General purpose Timer/Counter- 8-bit capture mode- 8-bit compare mode Two 16-bit programmable Timer/Counter (auto initialization)General purpose Timer/Counter- 8-bit / 16-bit capture mod
34、e- 16-bit compare mode12-bit PWM output Interrupt management- IRQ and NMI for the external interrupts- 4 external interrupts- 11 internal interrupts 5 types of reset functions： Power- On Reset (POR), Low Voltage Reset (LVR), Watchdog Timer Reset (WDTR), External Reset (RESET), and, Illegal Address R
35、eset (IAR) Support three clock circuit： Crystal resonator, RC oscillator, external clock input Two power saving modes： Halt and Stop Low voltage detection(LVD) One buzzer output port SPI communication interface 8 10- bit ADC (100KHz) Working voltage： 2.5V5V Built- in 4K bytes OTP ROM Built- in 192K
36、bytes RAM Built- in pull- up & pull- low resistor 23 programmable general purpose IOsThe matching software is designed to fully carry out the following functions and therefore meets the requirement of intellectual IC card gas meter： To read and write information To judge IC card type To judge the me
37、tering signal and to process data To detect voltage To protect powerIn addition, performances about signal safety, software reliability, and anti-interference ability are highly improved in the software design.With the development of science and technology, the prepaid IC card is becoming more and m
38、ore popular. The intellectual IC card gas meter is designed based on the idea of the integration of the machine and electron. Featured by distinctive design, high reliability, high signal resolving power, precise measurement, easy installation, simple operation, the intellectual IC card gas meter is
39、 likely to have a promising market prospect.附录 B 中文译文智能IC卡燃气表中的应用作者和主编：马休，克里雷 IC卡读卡器 美国社会期刊 第111卷，第4期， 1516至1516页( 2002年) 随着世界计算机技术和信息技术的发展，全球的信息时代已来临，各国都在高科技领域制订适合自己的发展道路，我国政府正在致力于国民经济信息化的建设，以“金卡工程”为代表的信息化应用工程使我们加速向全球经济一体化迈进。作为金卡工程的代表，IC技术无疑是当今世界最优秀应用技术。它从早期的投币式，过渡到磁卡式，直到现在的IC卡式。IC卡即智能卡，又称集成电路卡，它将一
40、个集成电路芯片镶嵌于塑料基片中，封装成卡的形式，其外形与覆盖磁条的磁卡相似，开发IC卡技术的主要目的是实现现金支付和存兑的电子化、减少现金的流通量、实现电子商务、实现公用事业预付费等。IC卡燃气表是近十几年发展起来的新型燃气表，一般由计量传感器电路、微功耗单片机、微功耗阀门、电压测试电路、防窃气电路、流量监测等部分组成。与传统的皮膜式燃气表相比，它更具备了精确记数功能、功能卡传输媒介功能、阀门自动处理功能、非法操作处理功能、欠压处理功能、掉电处理功能、数据下载功能、数据显示与声音提示功能等。经过广大IC卡生产厂家多年的技术改进和革新，IC卡技术日益成熟，应用也越来越普及。IC卡燃气表基本解决了
41、气费收费难的问题，同时，随着时代的进步、居民民主意识的增强、生活水平的提高，也要求改变过去落后的上门抄表收费问题，IC卡技术的推广应用，从根本上解决了上述问题，兼顾了企业和用户的利益。对燃气企业来说：一是解决了入户抄表难的问题；二是解决了催费收费难的问题；三是解决了企业和用户的纠纷问题。对用户来说：一是消除了抄表人员的打扰和时间预约问题；二是用气自由；三是消除了地方性收费方式的约束限制。既方便了用户，也减轻了企业负担和诸多难题，简化了操作程序，促进了社会发展，提高了人民群众的生活质量，降低了企业的经济成本，IC卡燃气表是今后的发展方向。其安全性能也得到了保证。最近几年统计数字显示：国内安防产品
42、行业平均以20%-30%的年增长率迅速成长。安防市场的年产值为300-400亿元。就北京地区来讲，安防市场容量1996年为5亿元，1997年6.25亿元，1998年由于大力推行金融网建设激增至13.6亿元，1999年9.2亿元，近几年则一直保持在10亿元以上。由于奥运设施应在2006年以前基本建成，因此专家指出，在2004年到2005年安防市场将迎来总体高峰，对安防产品制造、销售和工程安装都是不可多得的商机。安防产品的网络化和无线化是发达国家安防发展的方向，也将成为我国安防业的发展方向。目前已经有很多产品实现了无线化，例如各种探测器、摄像机等，但是在技术上还不十分完善。安防网络化则更具有战略意
43、义。安防行业的盈利模式要从目前的销售和安装转向附加值更高的安防服务，网络化是必由之路。由此可见，安防技术距离成熟还有很长的路要走。IC卡燃气表的基本结构智能IC卡燃气表的组成由电源电路、IC卡读写部分、单片机控制部分、阀门控制及显示部分、电池电压和位置检测电路等组成。当用户将含有购气量（以加密数值形式表示）的IC卡插入表内时，控制阀在电控系统控制下开通气路。用户每用一个计量单位，计量电路便发出一组等周期计量脉冲序列，该脉冲序列如经电控系统判定为有效，即可以已购气量中减去一个计量单位，并通过液晶模块显示表内剩余气量。当剩余气量为零时，控制阀自动关闭，气路即被切断，此时用户须重新持卡购气。在正常情
44、况下控制阀处于接通态，只有当特殊事件发生时控制阀才从接通态变为关闭态。从IC卡读回来的信息，随之存入EEPROM存储器中，EEPROM存储器I2C采用24C01芯片，该芯片可以在无电源状态下长期可靠存储系统内重要数据，工作寿命可达106次。当用户卡插入系统时，卡内密码、卡号、购气量及用户用气记录等关键数据将以密文形式存储在24C01芯片中。To process a smart card the computer has to be equipped with a smart card reader possessing the following mandatory features:处理系统
45、软件的计算机还必须配备有一个IC卡读卡器,它具有下列特点： IC卡Smart Card Interface Standard - ISO 7816 is an international standard that describes the interface requirements for contact-type smart cards.ICIC 规格标准-ISO7816是一项国际标准,描述了接触式智能卡的接口要求。These standards have multiple parts.这些标准有多个部分。For instance, part 1, 2 and 3 are applic
46、able to card re 第1部分,第2部分和第3部分是IC卡的说明. Part 1 defines the physical characteristics of the card.第1部分规定了IC卡的物理特性. Part 2 defines dimension and location of smart card chip contacts.第2部分规定了智能卡芯片接触点的位置。Part 3 defines the electronic signals and transmission protocols of the card.第三部分规定了IC卡的时钟信号和传输协议。Card
47、readers may be referred to as conforming to ISO 7816 1/2/3, or in its simplified term, ISO Driver - This refers to the software used by the operating system (OS) of a PC for managing a smart card and applicable card reader.借接口装置-指的是智能卡适用读卡器。To read a smart ID card, the driver of the card reader must
48、 be PC/SC compliant which is supported by most card reader products currently available不同的操作系统需要不同的软件。In acquiring card readers, the compatibility between the driver and the OS has to be determined and ensured.在买读卡器,读卡器和操作系统之间的兼容性应该保证。智能卡读卡器上也使用只能卡编程和配置个性集成电路卡。要不了多久就智能读卡器成为每个电脑的一个组成部分。电池电压检测、电池盒位置检测
49、部分液晶显示及声光报警电路当电池盒中的供电电池的电压小于正常工作电压时，系统会自动提示用户要更换电池了，并且通过显示电路和报警电路告之用户；为有效保护系统电源，本电路可对电池盒位置进行高灵敏检测。当电池盒被拉开时，保护电路输出低电平，单片机监测该信号后，即控制阀门使其关断。直到电池安装好并将电池盒推入表内正常位置时，单片机才会再次控制阀门使重新开阀供气。液晶显示电路可显示欠压、购气、关阀、卡误和气量五种信息状态及其任意组合。报警电路采用LED和蜂鸣器进行报警，由单片机控制发出声光报警。芯片特性该电路使用主控制芯片是凌阳公司的SPMC65P2404A。SPMC65P2404A是凌阳公司(Sunplus)推出的8位工业控制单片机，
