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1、Microcomputer SystemsElectronic systems are used for handing information in the most general sense; this information may be telephone conversation, instrument read or a companys accounts, but in each case the same main type of operation are involved: the processing, storage and transmission of infor
2、mation. in conventional electronic design these operations are combined at the function level; for example a counter, whether electronic or mechanical, stores the current and increments it by one as required. A system such as an electronic clock which employs counters has its storage and processing
3、capabilities spread throughout the system because each counter is able to store and process numbers.Present day microprocessor based systems depart from this conventional approach by separating the three functions of processing, storage, and transmission into different section of the system. This pa
4、rtitioning into three main functions was devised by Von Neumann during the 1940s, and was not conceived especially for microcomputers. Almost every computer ever made has been designed with this structure, and despite the enormous range in their physical forms, they have all been of essentially the
5、same basic design.In a microprocessor based system the processing will be performed in the microprocessor itself. The storage will be by means of memory circuits and the communication of information into and out of the system will be by means of special input/output(I/O) circuits. It would be imposs
6、ible to identify a particular piece of hardware which performed the counting in a microprocessor based clock because the time would be stored in the memory and incremented at regular intervals but the microprocessor. However, the software which defined the systems behavior would contain sections tha
7、t performed as counters. The apparently rather abstract approach to the architecture of the microprocessor and its associated circuits allows it to be very flexible in use, since the system is defined almost entirely software. The design process is largely one of software engineering, and the simila
8、r problems of construction and maintenance which occur in conventional engineering are encountered when producing software.The figure1.1 illustrates how these three sections within a microcomputer are connected in terms of the communication of information within the machine. The system is controlled
9、 by the microprocessor which supervises the transfer of information between itself and the memory and input/output sections. The external connections relate to the rest (that is, the non-computer part) of the engineering system.Microcomputers use RAM (Random Access Memory) into which data can be wri
10、tten and from which data can be read again when needed. This data can be read back from the memory in any sequence desired, and not necessarily the same order in which it was written, hence the expression random access memory. Another type of ROM (Read Only Memory) is used to hold fixed patterns of
11、information which cannot be affected by the microprocessor; these patterns are not lost when power is removed and are normally used to hold the program which defines the behavior of a microprocessor based system. ROMs can be read like RAMs, but unlike RAMs they cannot be used to store variable infor
12、mation. Some ROMs have their data patterns put in during manufacture, while others are programmable by the user by means of special equipment and are called programmable ROMs. The widely used programmable ROMs are erasable by means of special ultraviolet lamps and are referred to as EPROMs, short fo
13、r Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories. Other new types of device can be erased electrically without the need for ultraviolet light, which are called Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories, EEPROMs.The microprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling the
14、 flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/output devices are general-purpose types while others are designed for controlling special hardware such as disc drives or controlling information transmission to other computers. Most types of I/O devices are programmable
15、to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually contain special-purpose microprocessors to permit quite complex operations to be carried out without directly involving the main microprocessor.The microprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling t
16、he flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/output devices are general-purpose types while others are designed for controlling special hardware such as disc drives or controlling information transmission to other computers. Most types of I/O devices are programmabl
17、e to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually contain special-purpose microprocessors to permit quite complex operations to be carried out without directly involving the main microprocessor.1 First model1.1 SCM the single chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer)
18、stageMainly seeking the best of the best single form of embedded systems architecture. Innovation model success, laying the SCM and general computer completely different path of development. In the open road of independent development of embedded systems, Intel Corporation contributed.1.2 MCU the mi
19、cro-controller (Micro Controller Unit) stageThe main direction of technology development: expanding to meet the embedded applications, the target system requirements for the various peripheral circuits and interface circuits, highlight the object of intelligent control.It involves the areas associat
20、ed with the object system, therefore, the development of MCUs responsibility inevitably falls on electrical, electronics manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel faded MCU development has its objective factors. In the development of MCU, the most famous manufacturers as the number of Philips Co
21、rporation. Philips company in embedded applications, its great advantage, the MCS-51 single-chip micro-computer from the rapid development of the micro-controller. Therefore, when we look back at the path of development of embedded systems, do not forget Intel and Philips in History. 2 Embedded Syst
22、emsEmbedded system microcontroller is an independent development path, the MCU important factor in the development stage, is seeking applications to maximize the solution on the chip; Therefore, the development of dedicated single chip SOC trend of the natural form. As the microelectronics, IC desig
23、n, EDA tools development, application system based on MCU SOC design have greater development. Therefore, the understanding of the microcontroller chip microcomputer can be, extended to the single-chip micro-controller applications.3 MCU applicationsSCM now permeate all areas of our lives, which is
24、almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civi
25、lian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments, medical equipment was. Therefore, th
26、e MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and intelligent control of the scientists, engineers. SCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and process c
27、ontrol fields, roughly divided into the following several areas:3.1 In the application of Intelligent InstrumentsSCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different ty
28、pes of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits
29、 more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analytical instrument).3.2 In the industrial control applicationWith the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent control3.3 In Hous
30、ehold Appliancescan be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent. 3.4 In the field of computer networks a
31、nd communications applications MCU general with modern communication interface, can be easy with the computer data communication, networking and communications in computer applications between devices had excellent material conditions, are basically all communication equipment to achieve a controlle
32、d by MCU from mobile phone, telephone, mini-program-controlled switchboards, building automated communications call system, train radio communication, to the daily work can be seen everywhere in the mobile phones, trunked mobile radio, walkie-talkies, etc3.5 Microcomputer in the field of medical dev
33、ice applicationsSCM in the use of medical devices is also quite extensive, such as medical respirator, the various analyzers, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and hospital beds, etc. call system. 3.6 In a variety of major appliances in the modular applications Designed to achieve some speci
34、al single specific function to be modular in a variety of circuit applications, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. If music integrated single chip, seemingly simple function, miniature electronic chip in the net (the principle is different from the tape mach
35、ine), you need a computer similar to the principle of the complex. Such as: music signal to digital form stored in memory (like ROM), read by the microcontroller, analog music into electrical signals (similar to the sound card). In large circuits, modular applications that greatly reduce the volume,
36、 simplifies the circuit and reduce the damage, error rate, but also easy to replace. 3.7 Microcontroller in the application field of automotive equipment SCM in automotive electronics is widely used, such as a vehicle engine controller, CAN bus-based Intelligent Electronic Control Engine, GPS naviga
37、tion system, abs anti-lock braking system, brake system, etc. In addition, the MCU in business, finance, research, education, national defense, aerospace and other fields has a very wide range of applications.Are 8-bit microcontroller early or 4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, fo
38、r a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now is still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, but not ideal because the cost
39、 has not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter
40、the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performance have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90s dedicated processor, while the average mode
41、l prices fall to one U.S. dollar, the most high-end 1 model only 10 dollars. Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the development and use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell ph
42、ones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems. SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the worlds largest computer. Modern human lif
43、e used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large
44、 number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 microcontroller, a complex industrial control systems may even hundreds of single chip at the same time work! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other computing the sum, or even more than the number of human beings. Single chip,
45、 also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip. Equivalent to a micro-computer, and computer than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices. General talk: a chip becomes a computer. Its small size, light we
46、ight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to understand the principle and structure of the computer the best option. 单片机系统广义地说，单片机系统是用于处理信息的，这种信息可以是电话交谈，仪器读数或企业的帐户等，但是各种情况下都涉及相同的主要操作步骤例如：信息处理、存储和传递等。在常规的电子设计中，这些操作都是以功
47、能平台的方式组合起来的。例如计数器，无论是电子类还是机械类，都要存储当前值，并按要求将该值增1。而诸如采用计数器原理制作的电子钟之类的任一系统要使其存储和处理能力遍布整个系统，因为其每个计数器都能存储和处理一些数字。而当前微处理化系统与上述的常规方法有所不同，它将处理，存储和传输三个功能分离形成不同的系统单元。这种形成三个主要单元的分离方法是由冯-诺依曼在20世纪40年代设想出来的，且是针对微计算机的设想。从此几乎所有的计算机都是用这种结构设计的，尽管包含宽广的物理形式，从根本上来说他们均是具有相同的基本设计的。在单片机系统中，处理是由单片机本身完成的。存储是利用存储器电路，而进入和出自系统的
48、信息传输则是利用特定的输入/输出（I/O）电路。要在一个以单片机为原理的时钟中找出执行计数功能的一个特殊硬件是不可能的，因为时间存储在存储器中，而在固定的时间间隔下由单片机控制增值。但是，规定系统运转过程的软件包含实现计数器功能的单元。由于系统几乎完全由软件所定义，所以对单片机的结构和其辅助电路这种看起来非常抽象东西的处理方法上的好处使其在应用时非常灵活。这种设计过程主要是软件工程，而且在生产软件时，就会遇到产生常规工程时相似的构造和维护问题。单片机常使用RAM（随机存取存储器）为储存系统，在RAM中数据可被写入，并且在需要时可被再次读出。这种被储存数据能以任意所希望的次序从存储器中读出，不必
49、按写入时的相同次序，所以有“随机”存取存储器之称。另一类型ROM（只读存储器）储存器则用来保持不受单片机器影响的固定的信息标本；这些标本在电源切断后不会丢失，并通常作为用来保存规定单片机器系统的运转过程的程序。ROM可像RAM一样被读取，但与RAM不一样的是不能用来存储可变的信息。有些ROM在制造时就将其数据标本放入，而另外的则可通过特殊的设备由用户编程，所以称为可编程ROM。被广泛使用的可编程ROM可利用特殊紫外线灯擦除，并被称为EPROM，即可擦除可编程只读存储器的缩写。另有新类型的器件不必用紫外线灯而用电擦除，所以称为电可擦除可编程只读存储器即为EEPROM。单片机器在程序控制下处理数据，并控制流向和来自存储器或输入/输出装置的信息流。有些输入/输出装置是通用型的，而另外一些则是用特殊设计来控制如磁盘驱动器的特殊硬件等，或控制传给其他计算机的信息传输。大多数类型的I/O装置在某种程度下可编程，允许不同形式的操作，而有些包含特殊用途单片机器的I/O装置则不用主单片机器的直接干预，就可实施非常复杂的操作。假如应用中不需要太多的程序和数据存储量，单片机器、存储器
