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1、外文资料翻译Single chip brief introductionThe monolithic integrated circuit said that the monolithic micro controller, it is not completes some logical function the chip, but integrates a computer system to a chip on. Summary speaking: A chip has become a computer. Its volume is small, the quality is ligh
2、t, and the price cheap, for the study, the application and the development has provided the convenient condition. At the same time, the study use monolithic integrated circuit is understands the computer principle and the structure best choice. The monolithic integrated circuit interior also uses wi
3、th the computer function similar module, for instance CPU, memory, parallel main line, but also has with the hard disk behave identically the memory component7 what is different is its these part performance is opposite our home-use computer weak many, but the price is also low, generally does not s
4、urpass 10 Yuan, then Made some control electric appliance one kind with it is not the very complex work foot, We use now the completely automatic drum washer, the platoon petti-coat pipe, VCD and so on Inside the electrical appliances may see its form! .It is mainly takes the control section the cor
5、e part, It is one kind of online -like real-time control computer, online -like is the scene control, needs to have the strong antijamming ability, the low cost, this is also and the off-line type computer (for instance home use PC,) main difference, The monolithic integrated circuit is depending on
6、 the procedure, and may revise. Realizes the different function through the different procedure, particularly special unique some functions, this is other component needs to take the very big effort to be able to achieve. some are the flowered big strength is also very difficult to achieve. One is n
7、ot the very complex function, if develops in the 50s with the US 74 series, or the 60ss CD4000 series these pure hardware do decides, the electric circuit certainly arc a big PCB board ! But if, if succeeded in the 70s with the US puts in the market the series monolithic integrated circuit, the resu
8、lt will have the huge difference. Because only the monolithic integrated circuit compiles through you the procedure may realize the high intelligence, high efficiency, as well as redundant reliability .The CPU is the key component of a digital computer. Its purpose is to decode instruction received
9、from memory and perform transfers, arithmetic, logic, and control operations with data stored in internal registers, memory, or I/O interface units. Externally, the CPU provides one or more buses for transferring instructions, data, and control information to and from components connected to it. A m
10、icrocontroller is present in the keyboard and in the monitor in the generic computer; thus these components are also shaded. In such microcontrollers, the CPU may be quite different from those discussed in this chapter. The word lengths may be short, the number of registers small, and the instructio
11、n sets limited. Performance, relatively speaking, is poor, but adequate for the task. Most important, the cost of these microcontrollers is very low, making their use cost effective.Because the monolithic integrated circuit to the cost is sensitive, therefore present occupies the dominant status. th
12、e software is the most preliminary assembly language7, it was except the binary machine code above the most preliminary language, since why were such preliminary must used? Why high-level did the language already achieve the visualization programming level not to use? The reason is very simple, is t
13、he monolithic integrated circuit docs not have home computer such CPU, and also has not looked like the hard disk such mass memory equipment. Inside even if a visualization higher order language compilation script only then a button, also will achieve several dozens K the sizes! Does not speak anyth
14、ing regarding the home use PC hard disk, but says regarding the monolithic integrated circuit cannot accept. The monolithic integrated circuit in the hardware source aspects use factor must very high, therefore assembly, although primitive actually massively is using, Same truth, if attains supercom
15、puters on operating system and the application software home use PC to come up the movement, home use PC could also not withstand. It can be said that the 20th century surmounted three the electricity the time, namely the electrical time, the Electronic Age and already entered computer time. However
16、, this kind of computer, usually refers to the personal computer, is called PC machine. It by the main engine, the keyboard, the monitor and so on is composed. Also has a kind of computer, most people actually not how familiar. This kind of computer is entrusts with the intelligence each kind of mec
17、hanical monolithic integrated circuit (also to call micro controller). This kind of computers smallest system only has used as the name suggests a piece of integrated circuit, then carries on the simple operation and the control. Because its volume is small, usually hides in is accused the machinery
18、 the belly. It in the entire installment, plays is having like the human brains role, it went wrong, the entire installment paralyzed. Now, this kind of monolithic integrated circuits use domain already very widespread, like the intelligent measuring appliance, the solid work paid by time control, t
19、he communication equipment, the guidance system, the domestic electric appliances and so on. Once each product used the monolithic integrated circuit, could get up causes the effect which the product turned to a new generation, often before product range crown by adjective - - intelligence, like int
20、elligence washer and so on. Now some factorys technical personnel or other extra-curricular electronic exploiter do certain products, are not the electric circuit are too complex, is the function is too simple, and is imitated extremely easily. Investigates its reason, possibly on card, in the produ
21、ct has not used on the monolithic integrated circuit or other programmable logical component. 1.The application of AT89C51 Microcontrollers are used in a multitude of commercial applications such as modems, motor-control systems, air conditioner control systems, automotive engine and among others. T
22、he high processing speed and enhanced peripheral set of these microcontrollers make them suitable for such high-speed event-based applications. However, these critical application domains also require that these microcontrollers are highly reliable. The high reliability and low market risks can be e
23、nsured by a robust testing process and a proper tools environment for the validation of these microcontrollers both at the component and at the system level. Intel Platform Engineering department developed an object-oriented multi-threaded test environment for the validation of its AT89C51 automotiv
24、e microcontrollers. The goals of this environment was not only to provide a robust testing environment for the AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers, but to develop an environment which can be easily extended and reused for the validation of several other future microcontrollers. The environment was d
25、eveloped in conjunction with Microsoft Foundation Classes (AT89C51). The paper describes the design and mechanism of this test environment, its interactions with various hardware/software environmental components, and how to use AT89C51.2. Introduction The 8-bit AT89C51 microcontrollers are designed
26、 to handle high-speed calculations and fast input/output operations. MCS 51 microcontrollers are typically used for high-speed event control systems. Commercial applications include modems ,motor-control systems, printers, photocopiers, air conditioner control systems, disk drives ,and medical instr
27、uments. The automotive industry use MCS 51 microcontrollers in engine-control systems, airbags, suspension systems, and antilock braking systems (ABS). The AT89C51 is especially well suited to applications that benefit from its processing speed and enhanced on-chip peripheral functions set, such as
28、automotive power-train control, vehicle dynamic suspension, antilock braking, and stability control applications. Because of these critical applications, the market requires a reliable cost-effective controller with a low interrupt latency response, ability to service the high number of time and eve
29、nt driven integrated peripherals needed in real time applications, and a CPU with above average processing power in a single package. The financial and legal risk of having devices that operate unpredictably is very high. Once in the market, particularly in mission critical applications such as an a
30、utopilot or anti-lock braking system, mistakes are financially prohibitive. Redesign costs can run as high as a $500K, much more if the fix means 2 back annotating it across a product family that share the same core and/or peripheral design flaw. In addition, field replacements of components is extr
31、emely expensive, as the devices are typically sealed in modules with a total value several times that of the component. To mitigate these problems, it is essential that comprehensive testing of the controllers be carried out at both the component level and system level under worst case environmental
32、 and voltage conditions. This complete and thorough validation necessitates not only a well-defined process but also a proper environment and tools to facilitate and execute the mission successfully. Intel Chandler Platform Engineering group provides post silicon system validation (SV) of various mi
33、cro-controllers and processors. The system validation process can be broken into three major parts: The type of the device and its application requirements determine which types of testing are performed on the device.The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes o
34、f RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duple ser -ial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power s
35、aving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt sys -tem to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscil -lator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.3. Power-down Mode In
36、the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines
37、 the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize. The AT89C51 code memory array is programmed byte-bybyte in either programming mo
38、de. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip Flash Memory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode.4. Programming Algorithm Before programming the AT89C51, the address, data and control signals should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figure 3 and Figu
39、re 4. To program the AT89C51, take the following steps.1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines. 3. Activate the correct combination of control signals. 4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode. 5. Pulse ALE/PR
40、OG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 ms. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached. Data Polling: The AT89C51 features D
41、ata Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may b
42、egin any time after a write cycle has been initiated. After a day of intense work, all want to enjoy a sweet sleep, but now more and more people are plagued by sleep problems. Frequent lack of sleep, make people feel anxious worry, reduced immunity, which will lead to various diseases, such as neura
43、sthenia, flu, gastrointestinal diseases. The design of the content is a simple e-hypnotic device, which is aimed at those who have insomnia and sleep-deprived people today. When people sleep, open the hypnotic device, it would have issued a similar stroke the table with the sea waves, the trees the
44、sound of the wind or rain pink noise. After hearing the sound of people will relax and gradually go to sleep.单芯片简介单片集成电路中提到的单片微控制器虽然没有完成芯片的一些逻辑功能，但是却把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。总的来说就是一个芯片变成了一台计算机。它的体积小，质量轻，价格便宜，为研究，应用和发展提供了便利条件。同时，学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理与结构的最佳选择。单片集成电路内部还采用了与计算机类似的功能模块，例如CPU，内存，并行的主线，也使用了和硬盘功能相同的内存组件，
45、不同的是这些组件性能和家用计算机比起来要弱很多，不过价格也低，一般不超过10元，然后同它制成的一些控制电器没有非常复杂的工作管脚，我们现在用的自动滚筒洗衣机，排裙形烟管，VCD等电器内都能看到它！它占据了控制部分的核心，像实时控制计算机进行现场控制，它需要有较强的抗干扰能力，低成本，这也是和离线型电脑（例如家用电脑）的主要不同，单片集成电路依赖于程序，且可以修改。通过不同的程序实现不同的功能，特别是一些独特的功能，这是其他元件需要采用很大的努力才能实现的，甚至花很大力气也很难达到。如果用50年代的74US系列或者60年代的CD4000系列这些纯硬件，即使是实现一个不是很复杂的功能，电路板也肯定
46、会非常复杂。但是如果使用70年代美国成功投入市场的单片集成成电路系列，结果会大大的不同。因为只要你的程序在单片集成电路上编译通过，就可以实现高智能，高效率以及高可靠性。CPU是一台电子计算机的重要组成部分。其目的是解码从内存接收到的指令，并对存储在内部寄存器，内存或I/O接口单元的数据执行转移，算术，逻辑，控制操作。从外部来看，CPU提供一个或多个总线传输指令，数据和控制信息，并从各元件连接到它。微控制器目前用在通用计算机的键盘和显示器中，因此这些元器件是无所不在的。用这样的微控制器，CPU可能会与本章节中讨论的有很大不同。字长比较短，寄存器数目少，并且指令集有限。性能上相对而言要差，但足够完
47、成任务。最重要的是这些微控器的成本非常低，提高了性价比。由于单片集成电路的低成本，因此目前占据主导地位。该软件是由最初步的语言写成的，它是除了二进制代码最初级的语言，为什么我们必须使用这种最低级的语言呢？而不使用已经实现了可视化编程水平的高层次语言呢？原因很简单，就是单片集成电路没有类似于家用计算机的CPU，也没有看上去像硬盘的大容量存储设备。而在可视化高级语言的编译脚本里，即使只有一个按钮，也将达到几十K的大小！这对于家用计算机的硬盘来说不算什么，但是对于单片集成电路里来说却不能接受。单片集成电路在硬件源方面的使用效率要非常高才行，因此装配尽管原始但实际上却被大量使用，同样的道理，如果超级计
48、算机的操作系统和应用程序在家用计算机上运行，家用计算机就是达到运行的极限也不能承受。可以说20世纪跨越了三个电时代，即电气时代，电子时代，计算机时代。不过，这里的计算机通常指个人电脑，也就是PC机。它主要由主机，键盘，显示器等组成。也有一种计算机，大家不是很熟悉。这种计算机就是一块智能单片集成电路（也称微控制器）。这种最小系统的计算机只用在单片集成电路中，进行简单的操作和控制。因为它的体积小，通常被镶嵌的机器中。它在整个装置中扮演的角色就像人的大脑，如果它出错了，整个装置都瘫痪了。现在，这种单片机的使用已经很普遍，例如智能测量设备，小时工计时器，通讯设备，制导系统，家用电器等。一旦每个产品中都
49、使用了这种单片集成电路，产品工业将进入一个新时代，通常用“智能”来形容这种影响，例如智能洗衣机等等。现在有些工厂的技术工人或是其他的一些电子业余爱好者做的某些产品，不是电路太复杂，就是功能过于简单，太易被仿造。究其原因，主要在芯片上没有使用单片机或其他可编程逻辑器件。1. AT89C51的应用 微控制器应用在众多的商业领域，如调制解调器，电机，空调，汽车发动机等等。由于它的高处理速度加上增强的外围电路，使得它适合这样的基于事件的高速应用程序。然而，这些关键的应用领域也需要微控制器高度稳定可靠，高可靠性和低市场风险需要有一个适当的工具对微控制器的组件和系统进行精密的测试，英特尔平台下工程部开发了一个面向对象多线程的测试环境来测试AT89C51微控制器的固件。这种环境不仅仅是提供一个强大的测试环境，还需要可以很容易的扩展并复用其他的一些新型微控制器，开发这个环境使用了微软基础类（AT89C51）。本文介绍了本次测试环境的设计和机制，以及它与各种软/硬件环境组成部分之间的相互作用，以及如何使用AT89C51。 2. 介绍8位AT89C51微控制器的高速处理和快速输入/输出操作的设计.MCS - 51单片机通常用于高速事件控制系统。
