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1、Chapter 3 International Cargo Transportation国际货物运输In international trade, the seller delivers the goods in exchange for the buyers payment. It is the sellers basic duty to deliver the goods to the buyer or the specified carrier in due time, place and transport means according to the contract after s
2、igning it.在国际贸易中，卖方交付货物与买方支付货款是对流条件。买卖合同签订后，按照合同规定的时间、地点和方式将货物运交买方或装上指定的承运工具，是卖方所承担的基本义务。In common law, according to the cases over the past years, common law countries regard quality clauses, quantity clauses and time of delivery as the fundamentals of the contract. The consequences could be very s
3、erious once the rules are broken. In this chapter, time of delivery is the priority of shipment clauses. Time of shipment and time of delivery are totally different concepts, but under FOB, CFR and CIF terms, the seller delivers the documents instead of the goods, which means, once the goods are sen
4、t to the ship or shipping conveyance in the shipping port, the sellers duty to deliver goods is accomplished. The date indicated by the carrier on the shipping documents is the time of delivery and the place of shipment is rightly the place of delivery. That is to say, under CIF, FOB and CIF trade t
5、erms which indicate symbolic delivery, shipment just means delivery and time of shipment is rightly time of delivery.在英美法中，根据历年的判例，英美法的国家把品质条款、数量条款、交货期作为合同的要件条款。如果违反了要件条款，后果十分严重。在本章中的装运条款要首先讲到装运期。装运期和交货期是两个不同的概念，但是在FOB、CFR、CIF条件下，卖方以交单代替了交货，也就是说只要把货交到装运港的船上或运输工具上，卖方的交货义务就算完成，承运人在运输单据上所注明的日期即作为交货日期，货
6、物的装运地点即作为交货地点。也就是说，在CIF、FOB、CFR象征性交货的贸易术语下，“装运”就意味着交货，成为同一个概念，交货期等于装运期。3.1 Means of Transportation运输方式In international trade, there are various kinds of modes of transportation: ocean transportation, rail transportation, air transportation, river transportation, postal transportation, road transport
7、ation, channel transportation, container transportation, international multimodal transportation and continental-bridge transportation, etc., of which ocean transportation is the most important, traditional and time honored means of transport. Currently, as the most preferred mode of transport, ocea
8、n transportation accounts for 80% of the total capacity. Well introduce a few significant means of transportation in international trade hereinafter.在国际贸易中，运输方式有许多种，如：海洋运输、铁路、航空、河流、邮政、公路、管道、集装箱运输、国际多式联运、大陆桥运输（重点在海洋运输）等。其中最重要的方式是海洋运输，海洋运输是国际贸易中历史最悠久的一种传统的运输方式。目前，在国际货物运输总量中，海洋运输占80%以上，是目前国际贸易中最重要的一种运输
9、方式。以下我们主要介绍国际贸易中比较重要的几种方式。Ocean Transport 海洋运输Ocean transport is mostly preferred due to its large capacity, low cost, massive passing ability and freedom from road and railway limitations, while its comparatively slow, risky and vulnerable to bad weather.海洋运输还有以下特点：通过能力大、运量大、运费低、不受道路、轨道限制。缺点是：受自然条件
10、影响较大，航行速度较慢，风险较大。There are two main types of ocean transportation: liner transportation and charter transportation.海洋运输的船舶运输方式主要有两种：租船运输和班轮运输。Liner Transport 班轮运输1Definition定义A liner is vessel with regular sailings and arrivals and sails on a fixed (regular) sailing route and calls at fixed (regular
11、) base ports. It adopts a comparatively fixed timetable and charges at comparatively fixed rates. Liner transport is suitable for goods in small lots and high frequency. Most goods are transported through liner transport in international trade.班轮运输又称定期船运输，简称班轮，指船舶按照预定的航行时间表，在固定的航线和港口往返航行，从事客货运输业务并按事
12、先公布的费率收取运费。班轮运输适合批量小、次数多的商品。国际贸易中大部分的货物还是采用班轮运输。2. Characteristics特点a. Fixity, namely fixed routes, fixed ports of call, fixed dates and fixed rates. “四固定”。即固定的航线、固定的停靠港、固定的船期、固定运费率。b. Responsibility: goods are subject to the loading and unloading by the liners and handling charges are already inclu
13、ded in the freight. Liners and the consignor are free from handling charges, demurrage charges and dispatch money.一负责：货物由班轮公司负责配载和装卸，装卸费已包含在运费内，班轮公司和托运人双方不计装卸费、滞期费和速遣费。c. Liabilities, obligations and exemptions of liners and the shipper are all on the basis of the bill of lading issued by liners. In
14、 terms of goods with large transport volume and low value like grains, beans, mines and coals, the price is negotiated by both parties.班轮公司和货主双方的权利、义务和责任豁免均以班轮公司签发的提单条款为依据。对某些运量大、货价低的货物。如：粮食、豆类、矿石、煤炭，由船货双方协商定价。Shipping by Charter租船运输Charter transport refers to a cargo ship not operating on regular r
15、outes and schedules. A ship may be hired wholly or just some shipping space for transportation.又称不定期船运输，指包租整船或部分舱位进行运输。Contrary to a liner, a charter vessel does not follow a fixed route, freight rate or timetable and has no fixed ports of call. Charter vessels fall into three types: voyage charter,
16、 time charter and bare boat charter. This chapter focuses on voyage charter here because of its high relativity with export enterprises.与班轮运输相反：四不固定，没有固定航线、固定停靠港、固定船期、固定的运费。租船运输又分为期租船、程租船和光船运输。与出口企业关系较为密切的是程租船运输。与出口企业关系较为密切的是程租船运输。在这里着重讲述程租船运输。1. Voyage Charter 程租船Voyage charter is also named irregu
17、lar charter, dividing into one-way charter, round-way charter and consecutive voyage charter according to the way of financing leasing.又称为不定期船、航次租船。程租船按其租赁方式的不同，可分为单程租船、来回航次租船、连续航次租船。(1) Definition定义A voyage charter is the hire of a ship for the carriage of goods from one specified port to another,
18、or for a round trip and is characterized by shipping low-value and bulk commodities like grains, coals, wood, and mines.由船舶所有人负责提供船舶在指定港口之间进行一个航次或数个航次承运指定货物的租船运输。特点是：运输价值较低廉的粮食、煤炭、木材、矿石等大宗货物为主。(2) Freight Calculation程租船运费的计算方法l By rate of freight, the total freight is determined by unit weight or si
19、ze.按运费率计算方式，按货物单位重量或体积若干金额计费。l By lump sum freight, the total freight is based on the entire ship.包干运费，按整船定一个总值。(3) Stipulations of Loading and Unloading Cost程租船装卸费的规定方法Loading and unloading costs are stipulated in the contract after negotiation and five methods are usually used to divide the expens
20、es of loading and unloading:程租船的装卸费，由租方和船方共同协商后，在合同中做出规定。可由船方负担，也可由货方负担，规定的方法：l liner terms/gross terms/berth terms班轮条件The ship-owner bears loading and unloading cost. 船方负担装卸费l free in and out (FIO) 船方不管装，不管卸The ship-owner does not bear loading and unloading cost船方不负担装卸费l free in（FI）船方管卸不管装The ship-
21、owner is only responsible for unloading cost.船方不负担装船费l free out(FO) 船方管装不管卸The ship-owner is only responsible for loading cost.船方不负担卸货费l free in and out, stowed and trimmed (FIOST)The ship-owner does not bear loading and unloading cost, not even bear the expenses of stowing and trimming.船方不管装、不管卸、不管
22、理舱、不管平舱(4) Lay Time装卸时间In voyage charter transport, the lay time is directly related to the operating cycles and benefits of the ship-owner, so lay time should be stipulated in details when both parties comes into a contract. If the charterer fails to finish loading the goods within the limited time
23、 resulting in extended staying time and trip time, it would increase expenses as well as decrease cycling rates for the ship-owner. So lay time stipulations are closely related to the benefits of both parties.程租船运输方式，货物在装卸港口装卸时间长短直接关系到船舶的使用周期和船方的利益。租方在和船方签定租船合同时，要就船舶在港装卸的时间作出具体的规定。如租船人未能在约定的装卸时间内将货物
24、装完或卸完，而延长了船舶在港停留时间，从而延长了航次时间，这对船舶所有人来说，既可能增加船舶在港口停泊的时间而增加了港口费用的开支，又因航次时间延长而降低了船舶的周转率。装卸时间的规定直接关系到船方和租方的切身利益。2. The Difference Between Voyage Charter and Time Charter程租船运输与期租船的区别Ship-owner of a voyage charter is responsible for hiring the crew and providing fuel while the charterer is in the latter c
25、ase. 前者船员、燃料配备都由船方负责，后者由租方负责。Ship-owner of a voyage charter takes on sailing and maintaining of the ship while the charterer does in the latter case. 船舶经营调度，前者都由船方负责，后者由租方自己负责。Rail Transport铁路运输 In international transportation, the importance of rail transport is only secondary to the maritime trans
26、portation; moreover the cargo imported or exported by ship are mostly distributed or collected overland by rail.在国际货物运输中，铁路运输是一种仅次于海洋运输的主要运输方式，海洋运输的进出口货物，也大多是靠铁路运输进行货物的集中和分散的。For China with a vast territory, the cargoes imported by ships are usually transported by rail to the consumers across the co
27、untry, and most of cargoes for export are pooled to the ports by rail. Therefore, railway plays an important role in the distribution or collection of goods in China for international trade. The movement of the raw materials, semi-final products, and packing materials for international trade through
28、out the country are mainly by rail too. Generally speaking, the railway is one of the necessary parts in international transport chains.由于我国幅员辽阔，海运进口货物大部分利用铁路运往内地各用货单位，海运出口货物也多是通过铁路向港区集中，因此，铁路运输是我国国际贸易货物集散的重要工具。国内各省和地区调运外贸物资、各种原料、半成品、和包装物料，也主要是依靠铁路运输来完成。我国国际贸易进出口货物运输一般都要通过铁路这一环节，铁路运输在国际货物运输中发挥着重要作用。
29、With the characteristics of large carrying load, high speed, and low risk, the carrying capacity of railway is the largest other than the maritime transportation. Rail transport may be classified in the following two modes:铁路运输具有运量大、速度快、风险小的特点。在国际货运总量中，铁路货运量仅次于海洋货运量。铁路运输可分为国际铁路货物联运，和国内铁路货物运输两种。 Inte
30、rnational Carriage of Goods by Rail 国际铁路货物联运 With one set of uniform transportation documents, the goods are moved through two or more countries by rail as a whole, without the involvement of the consigner and consignee when the goods are delivered from one country to the other country.凡是使用一份统一的国际联运
31、票据由铁路负责经过两国或两国以上铁路的全程运送，并由一国铁路向另一国铁路移交货物时，不需要发货人和收货人参加这种运输称为国际铁路货物联运。For the transport mode, the goods are free from the check-in again at the frontier office, and carried over the frontier by train. It benefits to the international trade and transaction, urging the development of the integrative ec
32、onomy.国际铁路货物联运免除了货物在国境站重新办理托运的手续，火车可以直接过轨运输；有利于各国之间的国际贸易和经济交往，加速了经济一体化的发展。 National Rail Transport 国内铁路运输The mode of national rail transport means the transportation is made by rail in one country according to the concerning rules and regulation of the country. In China, the transportation by rail t
33、o the loading port for the goods to be exported or from the discharging port to throughout the country for the imported goods both fall in the mode. The transportation by rail for the cargo or goods supplied to HK and Macao is also included in the mode, which comprises 2 parts, one is national rail
34、transport and the other is HK or Macao rail transport. The detailed processes are as follows: after the goods are carried to Shenzhen station by rail with the consignee named as a transportation agent in Shenzhen such as SINOTRANS Shenzhen, SINOTRANS Shenzhen will get through the concerning customs
35、procedures and transit the goods to HK, when the goods arrive in HK, the HK agent will take the goods and send them to Kowloon station of Hong Kong.国内铁路运输是指仅在本国范围内按国内铁路货物运输规程的规定办理的货物运输。我国出口货物经铁路运至港口装船及进口货物卸船后经铁路运往各地，均属国内铁路运输的范畴。供应港、澳地区的物资经铁路运往香港、九龙，也属于国内铁路运输的范围。它的全过程由两部分组成，即国内段铁路运输和港段铁路运输，货车到达深圳后，要过
36、轨至香港，继续运送至九龙车站，我国铁路与香港铁路不办理直通联运，因此，就形成了现行的这种运输方式：发送地以国内运输向铁路部门办理托运至深圳北站，收货人为深圳外运分公司，深圳外运分公司作为各外贸发货单位的代理与铁路部门办理租车手续，并付给租车费，然后租车去香港，货车过轨后，香港中国旅行社则作为深圳外运分公司的代理在港段重新起票托运至九龙。The above-mentioned shows that the characteristics of the rail transport for HK or Macao is 2 parts of rail transport linked by cha
37、rtering. The national transportation documents cannot be taken as the documents for payment, but the carriers cargo receipt issued by the SINOTRANS local branch as the document for payment presented to bank.由此可见，对香港地区的铁路运输的特色是租车方式两票运输。国内运单不能作为对外结汇的凭证，目前，由各地外运公司以运输承运人的身份向外贸单位提供经深圳中转香港货物的承运货物收据，作为向银行结
38、汇的凭证。In China, there are 3 lines destined to HK and Macao which are No.751, 753, and 755; The goods are sent to Shenzhen station by the consigner or exporter, then have the local transportation agent in Shenzhen (such as SINOTRANS) to get through the customs procedures and transit the goods to the a
39、gent in HK or Macao who will deliver the goods to the final buyer in HK or Macao, and the exporter makes collection with the cargo receipt issued by the transportation agent.我国开辟三趟快车：751、753、755往港澳运输：由发货人将货物托运到深圳北站，由当地外贸运输公司再办理港段铁路托运手续，由香港中国旅行社收货后转交香港或九龙的买主，出口企业凭外贸运输公司出具的承运货物收据（Cargo Receipt）办理收汇手续。
40、 Air Transport 航空运输As a modern transportation mode, air transport has developed rapidly with the advantages of being speedy, exact, safe and convenient. At the same time, the drastic growth of the goods adapted to air transport also pushes the development of air industry. More and more modern and bi
41、g airplanes, big airports with perfect facilities and modern telecommunication facilities are produced and constructed to meet the demand of air transportation in international trade. In this way, international trade and air industry boost each other with the advancement of air technology and air tr
42、ansportation. For the time being, the proportion of air transportation occupied in the whole international transportation is increasing with the growing quantity of cargo transported by air.一种现代化的运输方式。由于航空运输具有速度快、准确、安全、方便等优点，航空货物运输在世界范围内得到迅速发展。同时，国际贸易中适合于航空运输的货物大量增加，促进了航空事业的发展。航空事业的发展又给航空运输提供了现代化、大型
43、化的飞机，机场规模宏大，设施完善，航空公司不断增加，通讯手段现代化。这些都为国际贸易货物的空运提供了更为便利的条件，促进了国际贸易的发展。国际贸易与航空业务互相促进，航空技术与航运共同发展。目前，在整个国际贸易运输中，航空货物运输所占的比重不断增加，货运量也越来越大。The goods which are the most adapted to air transport are including urgent cargo, fresh and alive products, precise appliances, valuables, putrescible and seasonal it
44、ems etc.航空运输最适合运输急需物质、鲜活产品、精密仪器、贵重物品、易腐、鲜活、季节性强的物质。Since 1974, China has joined International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).我国于1974年加入国际民航组织（International Civil Aviation Organization；ICAO） Classification of Air Transport Modes航空运输主要采用以下几种运输方式：1. Scheduled Airline班机运输Scheduled airline refers to
45、the airlines that transport regularly by fixed route, between fixed departure and destination at fixed time schedule. Usually this kind of flights uses passenger-cargo airplane, some bigger air companies have opened up regular full air cargo flight. With the advantage of its fixed time, route and st
46、op station, the scheduled airline is more suitable for the transport of emergency items, fresh and live produce or seasonal commodities. 班机是指在固定时间、固定航线、固定始发站和目的站运输的飞机，通常班机是使用客货混合型飞机，一些大的航空公司也有开辟定期全货机航班的。班机因有定时、定航线、定站等特点，因此适用于运送急需物品、鲜活商品以及节令性商品。 2. Chartered Carrier包机运输 Chartered carrier refers to th
47、e airplane that is hired by one consigner or hare-hired by several consigners (or air-freight service agency). Thus, chartered carrier could be divided into two kinds: whole-hired and share-hired. The former kind is suitable for transporting goods in large quantity, and the latter one is suitable fo
48、r goods to be delivered to the same destination by different consigners.包机是指包租整架飞机或由几个发货人（或航空货运代理公司）联合包租一架飞机来运送货物。因此，包机又分为整包机和部分包机两种形式，前者适用于运送数量较大的商品，后者适用于多个发货人，但货物到达站又是同一地点的货物运输。3. Consolidation集中托运Consolidation is usually utilized by air-freight service agency, who combines scattered goods into one batch, with the airway bills for each shipment
