我国房地产市场供求关系分析.doc

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1、我国房地产市场供求关系分析市场供给基本平衡 房地产业的开发投资状况 从房地产业的投资增长速度来看,我国房地产业的开发投资规模与全行业的发展步调是一致的。1992年1993年是房地产开发投资的高峰时期,1994年以后随着全行业步入调整时期,房地产业的开发投资呈现出增速减缓的态势,1998年房地产逐步走向复苏后,房地产业的开发投资增长率也走向回升,2001年,全国房地产开发完成额6245.5亿元,同比增长25.3,至2002年前11月,全国房地产业开发投资同比增长达到28.2。 从房地产业的投资结构来看,1996年开始,我国房地产业投资结构开始向住宅转移,住宅投资占房地产业的投资比重逐渐上升,20

2、01年住宅投资占房地产业的投资比例为68.5,2002年111月,这一比例已上升为70.7,办公楼投资稍有上升,商业用房投资的比重则呈现出下降的趋势。投资结构的这种变化基本符合房地产业的发展规律。 房地产开发建筑面积分析 2002年,全国房地产新开工面积、施工面积、竣工面积都出现了快速增长的势头:2001年施工面积和新开工面积都有较快增长,新开工面积比去年同期增长27.2,施工面积增速21.5。今年111月份,全国商品房施工面积80730万平方米,增长22.6,本年新开工面积3676万平方米,增长19.1。考虑到新开工面积的较高增速,可以预见,今后几年内施工面积还会出现较快的增长。从竣工面积来

3、看,1998年以来,房地产业投资的增长速度开始回升,受工程建设工期较长的影响,商品房的竣工面积一直呈现增长的趋势,2002年111月,全国房地产竣工面积16271万平方米,比去年同期增长28.3。 房地产市场的供给结构分析 住宅、办公楼、商业用房是房地产市场供给的主要构成部分,其中住宅市场在房地产市场中所占的比重最大,商业用房市场次之,办公楼市场所占的比重最校近几年来,我国房地产市场的供给结构存在着以下特点: 住宅供给平稳增长,住宅供给的内部结构发生变化,其中别墅和高档公寓所占的比例有所下降,安居工程所占的比例有所上升。根据国际经验,发展中国家高档物业在房地产业中所占的比例在510比较合适,因

4、此近几年我国政府严格控制高档物业的投资,高档物业在房地产业中所占的比例已降低到10以下,普通住宅的投资比例开始上升,2002年111月,住宅投资占房地产行业总投资的比例已达70.7以上,比去年同期增长29.6。 办公楼市场供给有所增加 2000年,办公楼投资完成额仅为293万平方米,与1999年同期相比增速下降12.9。2001年投资额较上年有所增长,但增幅较小,自今年以来,办公楼开发投资额呈现较快增长,可以预见,今年办公楼市场供给将出现较大增长。 商业用房的供求矛盾比较突出 在前几年经济发展过热时,商业用房比较畅销,各地商尝商铺纷纷涌现,出现了严重的供过于求的现象。随着宏观调控政策的实施,商

5、业用房的销售率迅速下降,近两年消费疲软困扰着我国国民经济的发展,从而导致了与消费水平和消费能力直接相关的商业用房的需求下降,但每年商业用房的竣工面积却不断增加,这就加剧了商业用房的供求矛盾。 市场需求高速增长 近几年市场需求呈上升趋势 近两年来,在扩大内需和全面推进住房制度改革等宏观经济政策引导下,我国房地产销售摆脱了前几年徘徊不前的局面,出现高速增长态势。2002年111月,全国商品房销售额达3536亿,同比增长37.1。 个人消费成为市场需求的主体 20世纪90年代以来,个人购买商品房的绝对额高速增长,1987年,个人购买的商品房只有42666万平方米,占当年商品房销售的17.9;而到了1

6、997年,个人购买的商品房达523372万平方米,占当年商品房销售的666;1998年,虽然受住房制度改革的影响,集团突击购房的现象比较严重,但个人购房也增长很快,1998年个人购房的比例比1997年上升了7个百分点,达到736,市场消费主体的这种变化对开发商提出了更高的要求。2000年,随着房改的结束,个人购房的比例已达80,2001年这一比例已达到87,2002年111月,个人购买商品房的比例为90。13季度,北京市个人购买商品住宅的比重达到95.3,显示出北京市住宅市场的即期需求旺盛。 二级市场和租赁市场活跃了房地产市常一年来,各地以培育市场为核心,积极贯彻落实国家出台的一系列政策措施,

7、降低存量住房入市“门槛”,使二手房交易逐步活跃,丰富了市场供应,并有效地带动了商品房销售,房地产二三级市场联动的效果日益明显。 2001年,上海市存量住房交易15.6万套,1031.48万平方米,成交金额274.78亿元,分别比上年增长86、59、99;经登记备案的出租住房8.52万套,1036万平方米。到去年底,上海市已购公房累计上市14.4万套,占已出售公房总量的9.7。 此外,随着国家对住房租赁税率的调整,各地租赁市场日趋活跃。南京市去年房屋出租登记备案面积145万平方米,较上年增长77,租赁税收达1.1亿元。上海、广东、江苏、浙江、贵州等省市,越来越多的居民采取通过将自有住房出租,同时

8、购置新房自住来改善家庭居住条件,以投资为目的的购房出租也在部分城市逐步兴起。 住房分配货币化促进了住房消费 大部分城市已在出台货币化方案的基础上,制定了补贴资金筹集和管理、补贴标准、补贴方式、补贴申请、现住房认定、超标和未达标住房处理、补贴发放程序等相关配套政策,不少省市已陆续发放住房补贴,补贴的发放带动了大量个人存款和银行贷款进入住房市场,促进了居民住房消费。 住房金融进一步发展,住房公积金管理逐步规范 截至2001年底,全国商业性和公积金个人住房贷款余额合计已达6398亿元,是1997年底的33倍,首次超过房地产开发贷款余额,占消费贷款余额的86,基本实现了房地产信贷结构的调整。2001年

9、住房公积金新增个人住房贷款395亿元,比上年增长71。住房金融的发展,极大地提高了居民购房的支付能力,已经成为居民提前实现住房消费的重要手段。从统计数据看,商业性个人住房贷款的不良率不到0.5,住房公积金个人住房贷款的不良率仅为0.24,对于改善银行信贷资产质量也起到了十分重要的作用。 空置总量仍然很大 房地产市场空置总量仍然很大 据统计,到2002年7月底,中国商品房空置总量在1.2亿平方米左右,其中空置一年以上的超过50,占压资金超过2500亿元,居中国各行业不良资产之首。由于我国房地产开发商多以中小型规模企业为主,其抗风险能力相对较差,较大的空置面积使得开发商积极性受到严重的挫伤。难以收

10、回的预期收益,使得开发商难以进行新一轮的房地产开发投资。这会使房地产的有效供给不易实现,出现恶性循环。 与居民收入相比,房地产价格仍然偏高 世界银行的研究资料表明,当一个国家一套住房售价与家庭年收入之比为3:1至6:1时,居民才能负担得起。也就是说,一个家庭年收入的36倍能买下一个中等水平住宅时,这个家庭便具备购房能力。2001年,我国商品房平均每平方米售价达到2226元,按此计算,一套70平方米的住宅大约需要15.6万元,而去年我国城镇人均可支配收入为6800元,按一家三口计算,房价与家庭年收入比达到7.6:1。而在房地产市场发达的北京,这个比例高达12.4:1,因此,房价过高是制约房地产业

11、发展的一个桎梏。 市场供求结构失衡 楼市供应与购房人需求之间的差异造成供求失衡,主要表现在以下两方面: 一方面是供需价格差异: 低价位房供应不足,中高价位房供应过量。以北京市为例,调查显示,北京居民的购房需求主要集中在5000元/平方米以下的房子。87.3调查者期望值处于30005000元/平方米。但是,市场上的房地产开发项目在价位分布上呈现中间大、两头小的趋势。价位在30004000元、40005000元、50006000元、60008000元/平方米的比例基本都在20左右,而价位在3000元/平方米以下和高于8000元/平方米以上比例都相对较少。即市场上楼盘的供给,有一半左右的供需结构的矛

12、盾。 与商品房空置量日益增加的状况截然相反的是,经济适用房出现供不应求的局面,这充分暴露出我国房地产业存在着严重的供求错位。从目前看,政府干预房地产市场的主要手段是大规模建设和推出经济适用房,国家计委和建设部前不久宣布,今年将投资1700亿,计划建设2.25亿平方米的经济适用房。这将更有效的满足普通市民的住房需求。 另一方面是供给与需求的区域差异: 尽管当前房地产形势总体上是好的,但也有一些地区不同程度地出现了投资增幅过大、投资结构不合理、价格上涨过快、土地供应过量等有可能过热的“苗头”。投资的增幅与销售的增幅相比,应该要保证能够在发展中不断消化同期上市的商品房。今年19月份,天津、河北、江西

13、、浙江、海南、吉林、江苏、河南、云南、陕西、山东和宁夏等地区,都出现了投资增幅高于销售增幅超过了20的情况。 住房市场体系不完整 完整的住房体系包括住房一级市场和住房二级市场,二者是相互促进、相互制约的,没有一级市场,当然不可能有二级市场,但二级市场又制约着一级市场,二级市场不发达,一级市场就低迷,只有在存在发达的二级市场的条件下,居民的住房资产才具有流动性,居民才能转让和卖掉旧房,购买新房。就全国范围来看,我国住房二级市场的发达程度存在很大差异。 以北京和上海为例,2001年,上海二手房交易量(成交登记)达到1031万平方米,新房销售(成交登记)突破2020万平方米,可见存量市场兴旺对增量市

14、场的巨大促进作用。与上海相比,北京的住房市场体系完善度较差,住房一二级市场之间过大的价差,导致居民“以旧换新、以小换大”的难度较大。2001年北京的二手房交易量仅5400套。随着快速推进的危改拆迁释放的巨大需求,二手房的需求将有增无减。 旺盛需求将继续保持 潜在的市场需求成为住宅业持续发展的巨大动力。从市场潜力来看,到2001年底,我国城镇居民住房人均建筑面积20.8平方米,虽然比改革开放前提高了许多,但与一些发达国家和中等发达国家相比,还相差几倍。国际经验表明,在人均住房建筑面积达到3335平方米之前,会保持旺盛的住房需求。这主要是因为: 首先,城市化进程加快对住宅的巨大需求 根据国际经验,

15、当一国经济进入持续稳步增长的时期,城市化也将进入一个快速发展的时期。世界银行对世界133个国家的统计资料表明,人均GDP低于300美元的低收入国家,城市化水平仅为20;当人均GDP从700美元提高到1500美元、经济步入中等发达国家行列时,城市化进程加快,城市人口占总人口比重将达到4060,而当经济高度发展,城市化水平达到70以后,城市化发展的速度将趋缓;1980年,我国城镇人口占总人口比重为19.4,1995年上升至29,2001年进一步提高到36.2,城镇人口达到4.5亿。如果在未来十几年中,我国人口自然增长率仍保持在9.6左右,城市化平均以每年1的速度增长,到2010年达到46,城市人口

16、将达到6.4亿,净增加1.9亿人,每年新增人口1852万。新增城市人口的迅速增长无疑会对住房建设带来更多需求。 其次,流动人口增长对住宅的巨大需求 城市化过程的另一个特点是出现大量的流动人口。大量流动人口的存在对租赁房屋产生了巨大需求。以广州、上海和北京三大城市为例,各城市的外来人口多达300万到400万,其流动人口与常住人口之比分别是21:100、10:100和6:100。如此大量的流动人口,成为这些城市房屋租赁市场的消费主体,为房屋租赁市场的发展奠定了基础;据有关部门统计表明,到2010年,我国流动人口将从目前的8000万人增加到1.5亿人,按人均居住最低标准(人均居住面积2平方米,建筑面

17、积4平方米)计算,需要为新增的流动人口建造约3亿平方米的租赁房屋,每年需开发建设3000万平方米以上的租赁房屋。 再次,居民消费结构调整带动住房消费的发展 中国社科院经济所研究员汪丽娜指出,“居民消费结构的调整带动住房消费的升级换代,是今后5至10年房地产业发展势头强劲的首要原因”。19782001年,我国GDP年均增长率为9.6,人均GDP增长也高达8.2。城镇居民人均可支配收入从343元上升至6860元。城镇居民作为二元经济中的消费主体,其收入的增长无疑为消费水平的提高和生活质量的改善奠定了坚实的基础;调查显示,居民对现在住房的满意率不到20,约有48的居民提出在几年内愿意换购住房,已购公

18、房中有67希望通过换购住房改善条件和环境。正是居民潜在的住房需求,给房地产市场以强有力的支撑。 一系列住宅发展利好政策的出台将对住宅需求产生持续影响。今年1月31日,国家计委与建设部下发关于规范住房交易手续费有关问题的通知,规定从3月1日起住房转让手续费,按住房建筑面积收取,新建商品住房每平方米3元,存量住房每平方米6元。新建商品房转让手续费用由转让方承担,存量住房转让手续费由转让双方各承担50;经济适用房减半收龋 此次交易手续费的明令降低,对沪、穗、深等房地产前沿城市几乎没有起到作用,原因是上述地区的楼市交易税费早已远远低于国家标准。但是对其他各地楼市的影响力却颇为直接。据测算,与各地制定的

19、现行住房交易手续费收费标准相比,新出台的收费水平平均降低幅度约60,部分城市降幅达80以上。因此这项政策的出台,对整顿和规范住房交易市场收费秩序,减轻购房者和房地产开发企业负担,活跃住房市场,将起到积极作用。住房按揭利率全面降低的积极作用,2月21日起,央行决定降低人民币的存贷利率,商业性个人购房按揭利率下调0.54个百分点,金融机构各项存款年利率平均下调0.25个百分点。其中,五年以内与五年以上的贷款年利率分别降为4.77和5.04。利率下降,将使购房人直接受益,减轻还贷压力。据估算,2月21日后,办理10万元、30年期的商业性房贷,总共可以减少利息支出12060元。低利率大额度的按揭买房使

20、居民购买力提高,需求量增大。 加入世界贸易组织对住宅业的积极影响。加入世界贸易组织将对全国范围内的房地产业产生重要影响。从住宅业来看,一方面,入世将促进住房价格的下降。这是因为入世后关税的降低会引发进口建材和设备价格下降,同时竞争的加剧会促使国产建材的价格相应降低。另一方面,加入世界贸易组织将增大我国城市居民住房消费空间。 载自:中国经济信息Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering

21、severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong

22、 step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood drea

23、ms to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like th

24、e set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bu

25、ll Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above

26、 all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked

27、up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see

28、 the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather

29、plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day

30、-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expec

31、t a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth bec

32、omes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he i

33、s expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has

34、 a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph

35、 (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,0

36、00 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will alw

37、ays remember, because there is no way Id miss this.Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like

38、 to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.待添加的隐藏文字内

39、容2As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but righ

40、t now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man tak

41、e a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, kno

42、wing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy

43、who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as

44、 the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications),

45、Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less

46、than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), driftin

47、g even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kil

48、ometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph)

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