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1、第课时实验:验证牛顿运动定律 1.关于“验证牛顿第二定律”实验中验证“作用力一定时,加速度与质量成反比”的实验过程,以下做法中正确的是(B)A.平衡摩擦力时,应将装沙的小桶用细绳通过定滑轮系在小车上B.每次改变小车的质量时,不需要重新平衡摩擦力C.实验时,先放开小车,再接通电源D.可以利用天平测出沙桶和沙的质量m和小车的质量M,直接用公式a=求出加速度解析:平衡摩擦力时,使小车的重力沿斜面向下的分力与小车运动所受摩擦力平衡,所以不能将小桶系在小车上,选项A错误.平衡摩擦力后,小车和板间的动摩擦因数=tan (为板的倾角),与小车的质量无关,所以改变小车的质量时,不需要重新平衡摩擦力,选项B正确
2、.实验时,应先接通电源,待打点稳定后,放开小车,选项C错误.本实验是探究作用力一定时,加速度与质量成反比,不能直接用公式a=求加速度,选项D错误.2.(2013攀枝花高三第二次月考)用斜面、小车、小桶等器材按图(甲)连接,在探究a、m、F三者关系的实验中,得到图(乙)所示的一条打点的纸带,相邻计数点的时间间隔为T,且间距x1、x2、x3、x6可量出.(1)请写出三个不同的计算加速度的表达式.(2)如图(a)所示,是甲同学根据测量数据画出的图像,图线没有过原点表明.(3)乙、丙同学用同一装置实验,画出了各自得到的图像如图(b)所示,说明两个同学做实验时的哪一个取值不同?并比较其大小.解析:本题中
3、用到实验中计算加速度的方法,同时也应用到分析平衡摩擦力的方法.答案:(1)a=;a=;a=(2)没有平衡摩擦力或平衡摩擦力不够(3)小车及车上砝码的总质量不同,且m乙m丙3.(2011年浙江卷)在“探究加速度与力、质量的关系”实验时,已提供了小车、一端附有定滑轮的长木板、纸带、带小盘的细线、刻度尺、天平、导线.为了完成实验,还须从图中选取实验器材,其名称是(漏选或全选得零分);并分别写出所选器材的作用.解析:根据实验原理F=ma,必须要用打出的纸带来求a,这就需要学生电源和打点计时器.要测量和改变小车的质量,就要用砝码和钩码;要改变小车受到拉力的大小,需用砝码.答案:学生电源、电磁打点计时器、
4、钩码、砝码(或电火花计时器、钩码、砝码)学生电源为电磁打点计时器提供交流电源;电磁打点计时器(电火花计时器)记录小车运动的位置和时间;钩码用以改变小车的质量;砝码用以改变小车受到拉力的大小,还可用于测量小车质量4.(2012年大纲全国卷节选)图(甲)为验证牛顿第二定律的实验装置示意图.图中打点计时器的电源为50 Hz的交流电源,打点的时间间隔用t表示.在小车质量未知的情况下,某同学设计了一种方法用来探究“在外力一定的条件下,物体的加速度与其质量间的关系”.(1)完成下列实验步骤中的填空:平衡小车所受的阻力:小吊盘中不放物块,调整木板右端的高度,用手轻拨小车,直到打点计时器打出一系列的点.按住小
5、车,在小吊盘中放入适当质量的物块,在小车中放入砝码.打开打点计时器电源,释放小车,获得带有点列的纸带,在纸带上标出小车中砝码的质量m.按住小车,改变小车中砝码的质量,重复步骤.在每条纸带上清晰的部分,每5个间隔标注一个计数点.测量相邻计数点的间距s1、s2、求出与不同m相对应的加速度a.以砝码的质量m为横坐标,为纵坐标,在坐标纸上作出m关系图线.若加速度与小车和砝码的总质量成反比,则与m应成关系(填“线性”或“非线性”).(2)图(乙)为所得实验图线的示意图.设图中直线的斜率为k,在纵轴上的截距为b,若牛顿定律成立,则小车受到的拉力为,小车的质量为.解析:(1)平衡阻力的过程要求给定小车一个速
6、度后,小车做匀速直线运动,所以直到打点计时器打出一系列间距相等的点,则表明小车做匀速直线运动.若加速度与小车和砝码的总质量成反比,则与m应成线性关系.(2)若牛顿定律成立则应满足F=(M+m)a,可知=m+M,由题可知:k=,b=M,则小车受到的拉力F=,得小车的质量M=.答案:(1)间距相等线性(2)5.(2012湖南四市一模)如图所示为“探究加速度与物体受力和质量的关系”实验装置图.图中A为小车,B为装有砝码的托盘,C为一端带有定滑轮的长木板,小车通过纸带与电火花打点计时器相连,计时器接50 Hz交流电.小车的质量为m1,托盘(及砝码)的质量为m2.(1)下列说法中正确的是.A.每次改变小
7、车质量时,应重新平衡摩擦力B.实验时应先释放小车后接通电源C.本实验m2应远大于m1D.在用图像探究加速度与质量关系时,应作a图像(2)实验时,某同学由于疏忽,遗漏了平衡摩擦力这一步骤,他测量得到的aF图像如图所示,可能是图中的图线.(选填“甲”、“乙”、“丙”)解析:(1)小车与长木板间的粗糙情况与小车质量无关,所以在同一个实验中,每次改变小车质量,不需重新平衡摩擦力,故选项A错.实验时应先接通电源,后释放小车,故选项B错.本实验要求m1远大于m2,故选项C错.由牛顿第二定律可知a=F,故选项D正确.(2)由于没有平衡摩擦力,牵引力大于摩擦力才会有加速度,所以可能是图中的图线丙.答案:(1)
8、D(2)丙以下是大学体验英语综合教程2(第三版)课后翻译答案Unit11. 任何年满18岁的人都有资格投票。(be eligible to, vote)Answer:Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote.2. 每学期开学前，这些奖学金的申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for, scholarship)Answer:A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to every student before the start of every
9、 semester.3. 遵照医生的建议，我决定戒烟。(on the advice of)Answer:On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking.4. 公园位于县城的正中央。(be located in)Answer:The park is located right in the center of town.5. 这所大学提供了我们所需的所有材料和设备。(facilities)Answer:The university provides all the materials and facilities we desir
10、e.1. 他们花了多年的时间寻找内心的平静，但是收效甚微。(search for)Answer:They spent many years searching for peace of mind, but with little success.2. 这种新药的成功研制已经使许多疾病的治疗发生了根本性的变革。(revolutionize)Answer:The successful development of the new drug has revolutionized the treatment of many diseases.3. 由于这个国家的经济不景气，这家公司濒于破产。(on t
11、he edge of)Answer:The company is on the edge of bankruptcy due to the economic depression in the country.4. 大学毕业后他成为了一名护士。他认为护士这一职业可能很有发展前途。(rewarding)Answer:He became a nurse after college. He thought nursing could be a very rewarding career.5. 他像往常一样在文件上签了名。(just as)Answer:He signed his name on th
12、e paper just as he has always done it.Unit21. 警察们正忙着填写关于这场事故的各种表格。(fill out)Answer:The policemen are busy fi lling out forms about the accident.2. 我想在还车之前把油箱加满。(fill up, fuel tank)Answer:I want to fi ll up the fuel tank before returning the car.3. 如果你要投诉，最好遵循正确的程序。(follow the procedure)Answer:If you
13、 want to make a complaint, youd better follow the correct procedure.4. 要不是约翰帮忙，我们绝不会这么快就完成实验。(without)Answer:We couldnt have fi nished the experiment so soon without Johns help.5. 暴风雨之后，岸边的人们焦急地搜索湖面以期发现小船的踪迹。(scan for)Answer:After the storm, the people on the shore anxiously scanned the lake for any
14、 sign of the boat.1. 这个国家不大，但是在国际事务中它却发挥着重要作用。(play a role)Answer:This country is not big, but it plays an important role in international affairs.2. 正是在我叔叔的帮助下，我得以克服困难，按时完成了任务。(it is . that)Answer:It was with the help of my uncle that I overcame the difficulty and completed the assignment in time.3
15、. 毕业时他决定留在北京，而他最好的朋友却选择了去西藏。(while)Answer:While he decided to stay in Beijing upon graduation, his best friend chose to go to Tibet.4. 在这次校园英语演讲比赛中，我们班的玛丽获得了第三名。(come in)Answer:In this Campus English Speaking Contest, Mary from our class came in third.5. 你应该知道学习弹钢琴需要有时间，有金钱，还要有毅力。(as well as)Answer:
16、You should know that it takes time, money as well as perseverance to learn to play the piano.Unit31. 我发现量入为出地过日子越来越难了。(increasingly)Answer:I find it increasingly difficult to live within my income.2. 现代政治家们都试图以电视讲话来影响普通百姓。(reach out)Answer:Modern politicians try to reach out to ordinary people in th
17、eir TV speeches.3. 应该帮助学生对人生采取积极的态度。(adopt)Answer:Pupils should be helped to adopt a positive attitude to life.4. 希望全班同学参加这些讨论。(participate in)Answer:Everyone in the class is expected to participate in these discussions.5. 如果你犯了罪就必须受到惩罚。(crime)Answer:If you commit a crime you must expect to be punis
18、hed.1.儿子的死让老妇人变得麻木痴呆了。(numb)Answer:The old woman was numbed by her sons death.2.身处所有这些烦恼之中，他依然能保持乐观。(in the midst)Answer:In the midst of all troubles, he managed to remain cheerful.3. 虽有困难，他们还是设法坚持试验下去。(carry on)Answer:They managed to carry on their experiments in spite of the difficulties.4.我们必须淘汰不
19、合格的申请人。(weed out)Answer:We have to weed out unqualified applicants.5. 医生要他减少抽烟。(cut down on)Answer:The doctor told him to cut down on smoking.Unit41.她在公共汽车站一直等到末班车进站。(come in)Answer:She waited at the bus stop until the last bus came in.2.如果我们能帮得上忙，尽管和我们联系。(contact)Answer:If there is any way we can b
20、e of assistance, please do not hesitate to contact us.3 .他需要多少船务人员才能使他的游艇航行？(crew, yacht)Answer:How many crew does he need to sail his yacht?4 .虽然她的新书没有上一本好，但是我还是喜欢它。(not quite as)Answer:I enjoyed her new book though its not quite as good as her last one.5 .我从未遇到过如此善良的人。(never before)Answer:Never be
21、fore have I met such a kind person.1.公共汽车放慢速度并停下，让那位乘客上车。(slow down)Answer:The bus slowed down and stopped to allow the passenger to get on board.2.许多车子都驶过去了，可是没有一辆愿意让我们搭便车。(roll by)Answer:Many vehicles rolled by, but no one offered us a ride.3 .请勿践踏草地。(get off)Answer:Please get off the grass.4.他按妻子
22、的吩咐，一下班就去了市场。(make ones way)Answer:He made his way to the marketplace right after work, as his wife had asked him to do.5 .值得庆幸的是，史蒂夫 (Steve) 从自行车上摔下来时没有摔断骨头。(luckily)Answer:Luckily, Steve didnt break any bones when he fell off his bike.Unit51. 我们得把感情放在一边，从专业的角度来对待这件事。(from a professional standpoint
23、)Answer:We have to put aside our emotions and take it from a professional standpoint.2. 这部戏非常精彩，我很快就沉浸于激动人心的剧情之中。(lose oneself in)Answer:The play was so wonderful that I soon lost myself in the excitement of it.3 .她没有什么爱好除非你把看电视也算是一种爱好。(unless)Answer:She hasnt got any hobbies unless you call watchin
24、g TV a hobby.4. 他说他是直接从市长本人那里得到这个信息的。(first-hand)Answer:He said that he had got the information first-hand from the Mayor himself.5 .既然你不能回答这个问题，我们最好问问别人。(since)Answer:Since you cant answer the question, perhaps wed better ask someone else.1. 由于公共汽车司机突然刹车，旅客们都不由自主地向前摔倒。(brake, pitch forward)Answer:A
25、ll the passengers pitched forward because the bus driver braked sharply.2. 这个协议将冲破对自由贸易设置的障碍。(break through, obstacle)Answer:This agreement will break through the obstacles to free trade.3 .我刚放下叫出租车的电话，车就来了。(soon after)Answer:The taxi arrived soon after I rang for it.4. 在过去，不管我什么时候到家，我父母总会等我。(no mat
26、ter)Answer:My parents always waited up for me no matter what time I got home.5 .由于没有一方愿意让步，两个公司之间的对话完全破裂了。(break down)Answer:Talks between the two companies completely broke down, because neither of them wanted to give in.Unit61. 那件工作很难做，不过我想试试看。(have a shot)Answer:Its a difficult job, but Id like t
27、o have a shot.2. 这是一本关于商务实践而非理论的书。(as opposed to)Answer:This is a book about business practice as opposed to theory.3. 社会活动从未耽误她的学习。(in the way)Answer:Social activities never get in the way of her studies.4. 直到1911年人们才发现第一种维生素。(It is not until . that)Answer:It was not until 1911 that the first of th
28、e vitamins was identified.5. 尽管年事已高，爷爷每天还帮忙做家务。(despite)Answer:Despite advanced years, Grandpa helps do housework every day.1. 我们的婚姻很幸福，但我们也曾经历过许多坎坷。(ups and downs)Answer:Our marriage is happy but weve had many ups and downs.2. 许多外语教师常常在课堂上自顾自地讲得太多。(be inclined to)Answer:Many teachers of foreign lan
29、guages are inclined to talk too much themselves in class.3. 那位著名演员每天早晨锻炼一小时以保持健康。(work out)Answer:The famous actor keeps fit by working out for an hour every morning.4. 与他促膝长谈之后，她的怀疑消失了。(melt away)Answer:After a long heart-to-heart talk with him, her suspicion melted away.5. 目前我们没有职位空缺，但我们肯定会记住您的申请。
30、(keep in mind)Answer:We have no vacancies now, but well certainly keep your application in mind.Unit71. 他并不后悔说过的话，只是觉得他完全可以不用这种方式表达。(could have done)Answer:He did not regret what he had said but felt that he could have expressed it differently.2. 我们最好等到12月14日。那时大卫已考完试，就能和我们一起去度假了。(will have done)Ans
31、wer:Wed better wait till 14 December. David will have had his exam by then, so hell be able to go on holiday with us.3. 他正在做一个新项目，年底前必须完成。(work on)Answer:Hes working on a new project which has to be finished by the end of the year.4. 他们让我们使用他们的实验室，作为回报，我们则让他们分享研究成果。(in return)Answer:They are letting
32、 us use their lab, and in return, we are sharing with them the results of our research.5. 诸如打电话、听电话一类的事情占用了这位秘书的大部分时间。(take up)Answer:Such things as making and answering telephone calls take up most of the secretarys time.1. 他们把房子卖了后就到加拿大和女儿住在一起。(go off) Answer:They sold their house and went off to
33、live in Canada with their daughter.2. 你下星期这个时候会在干什么？还是像平常一样干活。(will be doing)Answer:What will you be doing this time next week?Ill be working as usual.3. 他既聪明又勤奋，不久就接管了杂志的编辑工作。(editing; before long)Answer:He was intelligent and hard-working and before long he took over the editing of the magazine.4. 你话还没说完别人就挂断电话，难道你不恼火吗？(hang up)Answer:Dont you hate it when someone hangs up on you before you finish speaking?5. 让他们感到惊恐的是，他们的房顶着火了。(to ones horror)Answer:To their horror, the roof of their house caught fire.
