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1、2014届高考英语一轮复习全方位配套训练人教版必修一Unit 4 Earthquakes词汇21.damage n.& vt.损失；损害【常考用法】do a lot of damage to the crops毁坏了大量农作物cause serious damage to the house对房子造成了严重的损坏damage a car seriously严重损害车辆damage his reputation as a political personality损害自己政界名人的声誉【十年高考链接】（1）（2011新课标全国高考）William found it increasingly di
2、fficult to read，for his eyesight was beginning to .A.disappear B.fallC.failD.damage答案：C 本题考查动词意义辨析。句意：威廉发现阅读越来越困难，因为他的视力开始下降了。disappear消失；fall落下，下落，跌倒，（数量）减少，下降；damage损失，损坏，均不合题意。fail除有“失败，不及格”等含义外，还有“（健康、视力、记忆力）衰退”之意，故选C。（2）（2008重庆高考）Teenagers their health because they play computer games too much.
3、A.have damagedB.are damagingC.damagedD.will damage答案：B 根据because引导的原因状语从句的时态可知前面的时态。（3）(2007 上海春季）John had to have his car repaired in a garage because it seriously.A.damagedB.was being damagedC.had damaged D.had been damaged答案：D 句意：约翰不得不在汽车修理厂找人修车，因为车受损严重。damage在repair之前发生，结合had可知用过去完成时。（4）（2005北京春
4、季）After a fire broke out in the lab，a lot of equipment .A.is damaged B.had damagedC.damagedD.was damaged 答案：D 句意：实验室发生火灾之后，大量设备受损。damage与equipment之间为动宾关系，排除B、C两项；结合broke out（过去时态）排除A项，D项正确。2.frighten vt.使惊吓；吓唬【常考用法】frighten that boy away把那个男孩吓跑了frighten him from his plan吓得他放弃了他的计划frighten him into g
5、oing to school恐吓他去上学frighten off his attacker by calling for the police他喊警察，吓跑了要向他行凶的人frighten us out of senses吓得我们失去知觉frighten me to death吓得我要死be frightened at the sight of the dog一见到那条狗吓了一跳be frightened of mice害怕老鼠be frighten into silence被吓得一声不吭be badly frightened by the sudden noise被突然而来的嘈杂声吓坏了be
6、 frightened into holding his tongue吓得不敢往下说了be frightened off by the sound of the dog barking被狗的吠叫声吓跑了be frightened out of her life吓得要命be frightened to death吓得要死【辨析】frightening与frightened（1）frightening用作形容词，意为“令人害怕的”，事物本身具有使人害怕的性质。（2）frightened用作形容词，表示“感到害怕的，受到惊吓的”。frightened look/expression害怕的神情语法知能
7、精解定语从句（）关系代词的用法在复合句中修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句，叫做定语从句。它所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。它的基本构成：先行词+关系词+定语从句。连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种。关系词的主要作用是连接主句和从句，同时指代先行词，并在从句中充当一定的句子成分。定语从句又分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。引导定语从句的词有两种：关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose等；关系副词有when,where,why等。其具体用法见下表：关系代词指代的先行词在从句中所作的成分who指人主语、宾语、表语whom指人宾语
8、whose指人或物定语which指物主语、宾语、表语that指人或物主语、宾语、表语一、关系代词的用法1.who指人，在定语从句中可以充当主语、宾语或表语。Here comes the girl who wants to see you.想见你的那个女孩过来了。Danny is a man who we should learn from.丹尼是我们应该学习的一个人。2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略，也可用who代替。Rose is the person whom you should look after.罗斯是你应该照顾的人。3.whose可修饰人，也可修饰物,表“所属”关系，
9、whose在定语从句中作定语。I know the person whose company produces computers.我认识那个人，他的公司生产电脑。4.which指事物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。China is a country which has a long history.中国是一个具有悠久历史的国家。5.that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。习惯上多用who，whom指人，多用which指物。The number of people that come to visit this city each yea
10、r reaches one million.每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。The bag that lies on the ground is hers.地上放的那个包是她的。（that指物，作主语）误区警示 关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。译昨天晚上我们看的那部电影非常感人。误The film （that/which） we saw it last night is very moving.正The film （that/which） we saw last night is very moving.关系代词作主语时
11、，不能省略；关系代词作宾语时可以省略。Is that the girl (whom/that/who) you spoke of the other day?那就是你前几天所提到的女孩吗？二、只能用that而不用which引导定语从句的情况1.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时。This is the most delicious food that I have ever had.这是我吃过的最美味的食品。2.先行词是不定代词，如all，little，few，much，everything，anything，nothing，none，some等时。All t
12、hat can be done has been done.一切能做的都已经做了。3.先行词被all，every，no，the only，the very，the last等修饰时。Ive read all the books that are not mine.我已经读了所有那些不是我的书。The only thing that she could do was go to the police for help.她唯一能做的事就是去求助警察。学法点拨 以上三种情况有一个共同特点，就是先行词或先行词之前的修饰语往往带有“唯一”或者“全部”概念，以致无法作出“选择”。因为关系代词which原来
13、也是疑问代词，表示“哪一个”，含有选择意味，所以，用that引导万无一失。4.先行词既有人又有物时。We often talk about the persons and things that we remember.我们常常谈起我们记得的人和事。5.当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。Which of the books that you bought is the most useful for my writing?你买的书中哪一本对我写作最有用？6.关系代词在定语从句中作to be的表语时。He isnt the boy that he used to be.他不再是过去的男孩了
14、。三、只能用which而不用that引导定语从句的情况1.引导非限制性定语从句时。Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world.足球，一项非常有趣的运动，在全世界得到了普及。2.当关系代词前有介词时。This is the house in which he once lived.这就是他曾经住过的房子。3.当先行词本身就是that时。That which you told him about is what we want to know.你告诉他的事情就是我们想知道的。4.在限制性定语从句中，如
15、果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that，那么另一句的关系词就需用which。Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。四、只能用who而不用that引导定语从句的情况1.先行词是指人的不定代词时，如：one，anyone，no one，all，nobody，anybody，none等。The student you should learn from is the one who works hard and studies we
16、ll.你应该学习的是那位学习努力且成绩优异的学生。2.在there be结构中，先行词指人时。There is a young lady who asks for you.有位年轻女士找你。3.一个句子中带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who。The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.昨晚你遇到的那个男孩是个学习非常努力的组长。误区警示 关系代词或关系副词的选择有两个原则：一是看先行词是人还是物；二是看先行词在从句中作什么成分。若先行词在从句中作主语、宾
17、语或表语，则选关系代词；若先行词在从句中作状语，则选关系副词。Well remember those days that/which we spent together.（作宾语）Well remember those days when we played by the sea.(作状语)关系代词在从句中作主语时，根据先行词的单复数决定从句谓语动词的单复数。He is the only one of the students who knows French.（the only one为先行词）He is one of the students who know French.（studen
18、ts为先行词）五、as引导定语从句1.as用作关系代词，既可指人，也可指物。在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。它常用在the same.as.，such.as.，as.as.等句型中，as不能省略。Such teachers as know Tom think him bright.认识汤姆的老师都认为他聪明。Ill buy the same dictionary as you have.我要买和你的一样的词典。误区警示 当先行词被such,the same修饰时，也可用that引导定语从句，但指同一物，而不是同一类。This is the same bike that I lost two
19、months ago.这就是两个月前我丢的那辆自行车。（同一辆自行车）比较：This is the same bike as I lost two months ago.这辆自行车像两个月前我丢的那辆。（相像的自行车）2.as引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句的内容。从句可放在主句前、主句后或主句中。As we all know,the Great Wall of China has become world-famous.我们都知道，中国的长城已变得世界闻名。Lu Xun,as is known to us all,was a great writer.众所周知，鲁迅是一位伟大的作家。学法点拨 as引导非限制性定语从句常用的固定表达：as we all know众所周知 as is well known众所周知as you see如你所见 as we expect正如我们预料的那样as often happens正如经常发生的 as I can remember正如我所记得的as has been said before如前所述 as is/was expected正如预料的那样as can be seen正如所见 as may be imagined正如可以想象出来的那样
