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1、非谓语动词非谓语动词：包括不定式to do，动名词doing，过去分词done及现在分词doing.动词不定式：1.作主语或表语。1) It is hard _ a high mountain.(climb) （不定式作主语，常用it作形式主语。）2) The only way to reach the edge of the forest _ the narrow dirt path in front of us.A. was to take B. was to takingC. will take D. was taken（不定式作表语，常用来说明主语内容。）2.某些动词后须跟不定式to
2、do作宾语：e.g. afford, agree, decide, demand, offer, determine, hope, expect, wish, happen, fail, manage, desire, long(渴望), plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, intend, seem;3.某些动词后须用不定式作宾补v.+n.+to doe.g. advise, allow, permit, forbid, ask, beg, cause, choose, drive(驱使), enable, encourage, expect, w
3、ish, force, get, invite, prefer, tell, think, want, warn, order, require, call on, depend on4.动词let, have, make, notice, watch, observe,feel, hear, see, 后用动词原形作宾补. 如改为被动语态，省掉的to要还原。e.g. I heard Mary sing last night.Mary was heard to sing last night.5.某些结构后面要用省to的不定式(即动词原形)： would/had rather, would y
4、ou please, had better, rather than(而不是) 6.不定式作定语时，与其修饰的名词有主谓关系或动宾关系。e.g. 1) I havent decided which hotel _.A. to stay B. to be stayed at C. to stay at D. for staying2) The old scientist has been invited to a party _ next Monday evening.A. holding B. held C. to be held D. being held3) Little Betty fo
5、und _.A. with no one to play B. no one to play withC. no one to be played with D. no one to play4) a. Mr Smith is the very doctor _. b. Mr Smith is the very doctor for you _.A. to be sent for B. to send forC. sending for D. to be sent7.疑问词+不定式 to do：相当于一个名词从句，常用来作主语，表语，宾语或状语。e.g. He doesnt know_ to
6、stay or not.A. if B. either C. whether D. if he will Last summer I took a course on _.A. how to make dressesB. how dresses be madeC. how to be made dressesD. how are dresses made不定式的省略：-Did your brother go to the party?-No, but he _.A. planned it B. planned to C. planned so D. planned形容词easy, diffic
7、ult, hard, fit后的动词不定式用主动形式表被动意义。e.g. I found the German Language hard _.A. to be learned B. to learnC. learned D. learning动名词doing的用法:1.作主语：动名词表一种抽象的和泛指的概念，而不定式表一次性的，具体的动作。e.g. Swimming is a good exercise. To swim across that river is possible some day when I grow up.用在It is no use (good, a waste of
8、 time, not an easy task )和there be no (no use)结构中。e.g. It is no good _ the stable door when the horse is stolen.A. closing B. to shut C. locking D. to lock There is no use _ him at this hour.A. to call B. called C. to ring D. calling2.作宾语：某些动词后只跟动名词作宾语。admit, appreciate, avoid, cant help, consider,
9、delay, enjoy, escape, fancy(爱好), suggest, excuse(原谅), finish, mind, miss, practise, allow，risk（冒险）, advise, give up3.有些动词后即可接不定式，又可接动名词，但意义不一样：e.g. remember, forget, regret +to do 动作未发生 + doing动作已发生e.g. I remember to post the letter. I remember posting the letter.try to do 尽力做 try doing尝试做stop to do
10、 stop doing mean to do打算做 mean doing sth.意味着做4. need, require, want + doing 某事需要被e.g. The bike needs repairing. = The bike needs to be repaired.This place is worth traveling hundreds of miles to see.5.动名词复合结构：（动名词带上自己的逻辑主语）e.g. His/ Johns coming made us happy. （作主语）Do you mind my /me/Marys/Mary goin
11、g to your party? （作宾语）6.动名词完成式与被动形式：e.g. He didnt mention having met me. I apologize for not having kept my promise.Being killed by sharks was a common thing here.过去分词常表完成的被动动作，而现在分词常表正在进行的主动动作。现在分词一、现在分词的基本特征:表主动的，进行的，表特征二、现在分词的用法现在分词作表语，表示主语的特征或和连系动词连用构成进行时态。The book is interesting.The present sit
12、uation is more encouraging than ever before.The girl is watering the trees.现在分词作表语一般可以译成“使、令的”现在分词作定语表示所修饰的名词的特征，或修饰名词所做的动作。单个的现在分词作定语必须前置；现在分词短语则后置。现在分词短语作定语，相当于一个定语从句，都可以变成一个相应的定语从句。现在分词作定语所修饰的名词有主谓关系。 He is a promising young man. 他是个大有前途的年轻人。I have a friend living in London.(=I have a friend who
13、lives in London.) 现在分词作状语，多用来表示伴随、时间、原因、方式等。现在分词作状语它的逻辑主语是主句的主语。如果分词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，并且已经完成，用现在分词的完成形式。They stood by the road, reading books.Having stepped into the cave, Crusoe lit a fire.现在分词作宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行，动作是宾语发出的，主动的，多用于使役动词或感官动词之后。We saw a light burning in the window.I cant get the clock going a
14、gain.现在分词的完成式，否定式，被动形式：e.g. a.Having worked among the workers for many years, he knew them very well.b. Not having received an answer, he decidedto write another letter to them.c. Can you see the building being built?d. Having been put into prison, he felt hopeless.过去分词一、过去分词的基本特征表被动的、完成的、表状态 二、过去分词
15、的用法过去分词作表语，和连系动词一起表示主语的状态或表示被动语态（动词应是及物动词）。The glass is broken.She is quite pleased.The glass was broken by Li Hua.过去分词作定语多表示被动意义和完成意义。动作发生在谓语动词之前。其前置和特征与现在分词相同。过去分词作定语所修饰的名词有被动关系或系表关系。He is a man loved by all.I hate to read letters written in pencil.过去分词作状语与现在分词作状语一样，可以表示伴随、时间、原因、方式等。过去分词作状语必须注意它表示
16、的动作是该句主语发不出来的或表示主语的状态，但其逻辑上的主语应是主句的主语。When (water is ) heated, water changes into steam.过去分词作宾补，多表示宾语的状态或被动意义。动作是宾语发不来的。多用于使役动词、感官动词和like, want, wish, order等表示“希望”“要求”等意义的动词后面。特别注意“have宾语过去分词”这一结构的用法。I have to have my hair cut. You should make yourself understood by all.独立主格结构：在用分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语一般必须与句
17、子主语一致。如不一致，分词须带上自己的逻辑主语。常表伴随的动作或情况。e.g. a. He rushed into the classroom, his face covered with sweat. b. Weather permitting, well have an outing tomorrow. c. So many teachers being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. d. His work finished, he prepared to return to his home.e. There are 180 com
18、petitors to take part in this game, the youngest being a boy of 10. 1. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. to go B. having gone C. going D. to have gone2. The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C. , did not include women players until 1912.A. first play
19、ed B. to be first played C. first playing D. to be first playing3. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met4. How about the two of us _ a walk down the garden?A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking5. I must apologize for _ ahead of
20、time. Thats all right.A. letting you not know B. not letting you knowC. letting you know not D. letting not you know6. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented7. You were brave enough to raise objections at the meet
21、ing. Well, now I regret _ that.A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done8. I would appreciate _ back this afternoon.A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. youre calling9. The computer centre, _ last year, is very popular among the students this school.A. open B. opened C. opening
22、 D. having10. The salesman scolded the girl caught _ and left her off.A. to have stolen B. to be stealing C. to steal D. stealing11. Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _ a bicycle.A. ride; to ride B. riding; ride C. ride; ride D. to ride; riding12. The first textbooks _ for teaching E
23、nglish as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written13. The missing boys were last seen _ near the river.A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play14. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard.A. learn B. to learn C. l
24、earned D. learning15. The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here.A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added16. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation.A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating17. _ in thought, h
25、e almost ran into the car in front of him.A. Losing B. Lost C. To lose D. Having lost18. _ a reply, he decided to write again.A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received 19. Can you spare me some time? Im afraid not. I have lots of letters _.A. doing with B. to do
26、 for C. to deal D. to deal with20. Whom should this message be sent to? My father is the one _. A. to sent it to B. to send it C. to be sent to D. for sending it21. I cant understand _ at that poor child.A. you to laugh B. you laughing C. you laugh D. why laugh22. I regret _ her advice before.A. hav
27、ing not taken B. not to take C. not having taken D. havent taken23. Ill never forget _ my brother in Paris last year.A. to see B. to have seen C. seeing D. having been seen24. We must set about _ our lesson for the midterm examination.A. reviewing B. reviewed C. to review D. to be reviewing25. I fou
28、nd John _ the desk, _ his homework carefully.A. seated at; to do B. sitting at; doingC. sat at; does D. taking his seat at; to do26. _, he suddenly found the shop he was looking for.A. When he turns round B. To turn the leftC. Turned backward D. Turning to the left27. _, the meeting began.A. After s
29、ing a song B. After they sang a songC. Singing a song D. Having sung a son28. Is this the watch you wish _?A. to have repaired B. to repair it C. to have it repaired D. will be repaired29. _ some officers, Napoleon inspected his army.A. Followed by B. Being followed C. Followed D. Having been follow
30、ed by30. With her husband _ her, Marie was sure of her success.A. helps B. helped C. helping D. was helping31. _ many times, but he still couldnt understand it.A. Having been told B. Though he had been told C. He was told D. Having told32. They broke everything in the shop into pieces, _ nothing.A.
31、leaved B. leaving C. left D. to leaving33. I saw someone _ the cupboard and take out the books.A. opening B. opened C. opens D. open34. He wore dark glasses to avoid _.A. being recognized B. to be recognized C. recognized D. having been recognized35. The bridge _ now is very long.A. is built B. buil
32、ding C. to be built D. being built36. This is the problem _ at the next meeting.A. to discussing B. to be discussed C. discussed D. being discussed37. the ground is _ with _ leaves.A. covering; falling B. covered; fallen C. covering; fallen D. covered; falling38. You have no excuse _ to the lecture.
33、A. for not coming B. for coming not C. of not coming D. not to come39. I wish I could buy one of those beautiful dogs. Im afraid they wouldnt allow _ in the hotel.A. you keeping it B. that you keep it C. you to keep it D. you keep it40. It is considered no good _ in the hotel.A. recite B. to be reci
34、ted C. recited D. reciting41. Its said doing right is hard but _ is easy.A. doing good B. doing duty C. doing wrong D. to do harm42. He walked as fast as he could, _ to catch the 9: 30 train.A. hoped B. to hope C. hoping D. he hoped43. With lost of trees _, the house is not easily found.A. to surrou
35、nd B. surrounding C. having surrounded D. surrounded44. Having done his homework, he went on _ a letter.A. write B. to write C. writing D. written45. You must get the work _ in two hours.A. to do B. do C. being done D. done46. The old farmer had his left arm _ when he had his tractors _ in the field
36、s.A. harmed; working B. harmed; to workC. harming; working D. harming; to work47. Did you get your pay? Yes, I remember _. But I forget the exact amount.A. paying B. to be paid C. being paid D. having paid48. They stopped _ but there were no more sounds.A. hearing B. to listen C. listening D. to lis
37、ten to49. I prefer studying English at home _ the match.A. to watching B. to watch C. rather than D. rather than watching50. The children are looking forward to _ gifts.A. giving B. give C. being given D. be given51. You look tired. Thats because Mr Baker had us _ reports all afternoon.A. wrote B. t
38、o write C. writing D. written52. The man was brought in with his hands _ that afternoon.A. tied B. tying C. being tied D. to tie53. _ more time, we could have done the work better.A. Giving B. Given C. To give D. Having given54. It was stupid _ your advice.A. for me not to take B. of me not takingC.
39、 for me not taking D. of me not to take55. He cant help _ housework, for he is busy _ for the examination.A. doing; preparing B. to do; to prepare C. doing; to prepare D. to do; preparing 56. The girl said in a _ voice that she was _ by the dog.A. frightened; frightened B. frightening; frightenedC.
40、frightening; frightening D. frightened; frightening57. Three days after Mrs Whites _ necklace was found, she was _ it.A. lost; robbed B. missed; robbed of C. lost; robbed of D. missing; robbed58. Having tried many times, they succeeded _ the experiment.A. doing B. in doing C. to do d. in being done5
41、9. Please excuse _ in without _.A. come; asking B. coming; being askedC. to come; being asked D. coming; asking60. There are a lot of peasants _ in the rice field.A. who works B. who worked C. work D. working61. Many teachers were praised at the meeting, Mr Zhou _.A. including B. being included C. to include D. included62. _ with fright the fox hid himself in a sma
