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1、Syrian Arab RepublicMinistry of Local Administrationand EnvironmentNational Action Plan for Protection of the Mediterranean Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities in the Syrian Arab RepublicPrepared by:Mohamad KayyalNational ExpertReport for:The Coordinating Unit of the MediterraneanAction Pl
2、anAugust 2005Table of ContentsTable of Contents2List of Tables3List of Figures31. Executive Summary41.1 Identification and Nature of Problems41.2 Environmental Priorities41.3 The SAP Targets and the National Action Plan51.4 Plan Support Elements62. Introduction82.1 Background82.2 Purpose of the Plan
3、82.3 Geographic Extent and Scope of the Plan93. Identification and Assessment of Problems113.1 General113.2 Identification and Nature of Problems113.3 Nature of Contaminants124. Priority Issues and Actions164.1 Environmental Priority Issues164.2 Environmental Priority Actions and Measures174.3 Natio
4、nal List of Priority Actions for 2010184.4 Investment Portfolios205. Plan Support Elements225.1 Institutional and Legislative Framework of the Environment225.2 Sources of Finance and Funding245.3 Economic Instruments275.4 Pubic Participation275.5 Monitoring and Environmental Quality Reporting System
5、285.6 Environmental Indicators29ANNEX A Urban Environment Nature and Severity of Problems31A.1 Municipal Sewage31A.2 Urban Solid Waste32ANNEX B Industrial Development Nature and Severity of Problems34B.1 Nature of Problems Caused by Major Industrial Complexes34B.2 Severity of Problems Caused by Majo
6、r Industrial Complexes35B.3 Olive Oil Mills36B.4 Steel Rolling Mills36B.5 Slaughterhouses36B.6 Agricultural and Animal Related Activities37ANNEX C National Action Plan Measures and Strategies38ANNEX D Investment Protfolios51List of TablesTable 2.1: Short and long-term SAP targets and activitiesTable
7、 3.1: Pollution Aspects in the Coastal Region of SyriaTable 3.2: Details of emissions of BOD and Nutrients from the Coastal RegionTable 4.1: Relationship between SAP targets and perceived priority issues by stakeholdersTable 4.2: National priority action List to address SAP targets by 2010Table 5.1:
8、 Funding sources for the national investment projects priority list for 2010Table A.1: Populations of the major urban centers in the Syrian coastal regionList of FiguresFigure 2.1: Administrative Divisions in SyriaFigure 5.1: The organizational chart of the General Council of Environmental Affairs1.
9、 EXECUTIVE SUMMARYAt the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in 1972, the Mediterranean Sea was declared as among the “particularly threatened bodies of water”. Consequently, the Mediterranean states requested the United Nations Environment Programm
10、e to set up an activity framework for environmental co-operation in the Mediterranean region. In 1975, the “Mediterranean Action Plan” was created. One year later, the Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution, known as the Barcelona Convention was adopted. In order to
11、 translate the Barcelona Convention into a legally binding Action Plan, the Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution from Land-Based Sources (LBS Protocol), was ratified, and later modified in 1996. In 1997, the Strategic Action Programme (SAP) was conceived as the oper
12、ational and technical mechanism for the implementation of the LBS Protocol. The SAP requires that the Contracting Parties shall elaborate and implement, individually or jointly, national and regional action plans and programmes. The SAP is set out to have National Action Plans by 2005 to help countr
13、ies fulfill their pollution clean-up objectives. The Action Plan presented in this document fulfills this requirement for the Syrian Arab Republic. It covers the geographical area constituting the “Coastal Region and Coastal Mountains”, which coincides with the administrative borders of the governor
14、ates of Tartous to the south and Lattakia to the north. The length of the coastline is 183 km, and the land surface area is approximately 4000 km2, which constitutes about 2 percent of the surface land area of Syria.1.1 Identification and Nature of ProblemsThe updated report for the priority polluti
15、on hot spots identified four areas on the Syrian coastline that negatively affect human health, ecosystems, biodiversity, and economy in a significant manner. These are Banias, Lattakia, Tartous and Jableh. The National Diagnostic Analysis states that common environmental problems in the Syrian coas
16、tal region originate from the urban environment; industrial development; and physical alterations and destruction of habitats. Concerning the urban environment, urban activities affect the marine environment in two aspects: municipal sewage and municipal solid waste. Regarding industrial development
17、, impacts result from major industrial complexes such as the Banias oil refinery, the Tartous cement plant, the phosphate loading dock at the Port of Tartous, the two oil terminals of Banias and Tartous, and the thermal power generation station in Banias. Small-scale industries also affect the marin
18、e environment including steel rolling mills, food processing, beverage, olive oil mills, cattle and sheep slaughter houses, textiles, and various agricultural related activities such as confined animal facilities and green houses. 1.2 Environmental PrioritiesThe Strategic Action Programme identified
19、 specific contaminants with significant adverse impacts on the marine environment. These consist of nutrients from urban and industrial sources, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals, organohalogens, and other hazardous wastes. Based on the baseline budget of pollutants study, it was co
20、ncluded that these contaminants are associated in some form or other with the major land-based activities in the Syrian coastal region. In fact, these activities were confirmed by stakeholders as being the cause of the most significant environmental aspects that need to be addressed in the coastal r
21、egion. For Lattakia, the identified priority environmental issues were: 1. Municipal solid waste dumps; lack of management of hazardous wastes, construction debris and garbage dumping on side of roads, and the non-segregation of medical wastes;2. Municipal sewage from the City of Lattakia and surrou
22、nding tourists areas;3. Air emissions from diesel-operated vehicles on roadways and in the cities; and4. Aqueous effluents from olive oil mills and slaughterhouses.For Tartous, the identified priority environmental issues were: 1. Aqueous effluents from the Banias refinery 2. Municipal sewage from t
23、he Cities of Tartous and Banias in addition to sewage from small coastal and non-coastal cities and areas;3. The problem of the “unlicensed” municipal waste dumps in Tartous governorate;4. Air emissions from combustion of fuel oil in Banias refinery, cement plant; thermal power generation plant, and
24、 the phosphate loading docks;5. Aqueous effluents from olive oil mills; and6. Surface water runoff from petroleum facilities due to leakage and spills, and from agricultural lands due to the extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides.1.3 The SAP Targets and the National Action PlanThe priority issu
25、es identified by the stakeholders were used to formulate a comprehensive national plan of action for reducing the discharge of pollutants from land-based sources and activities to the Mediterranean Sea. The plan, which is included in Annex C, incorporates measures that take into account the SAP targ
26、ets. These measures are divided into three categories:1. Specific measures for promoting sustainable use of coastal and marine resources such as BAT, BEP, and clean technologies;2. Requirements and incentives to induce action to comply with measures including economic instruments, regulatory measure
27、s, capacity building, and public awareness; and3. Institutional arrangements with the relevant authorities and resources necessary for carrying out management tasks associated with the strategies and programme.Measures included in the action plan are divided into five sectors based on the sectoral p
28、lans for Syria:1. Municipal sewage;2. Municipal solid waste;3. Industrial solid wastes and aqueous effluents;4. Hazardous wastes of particular interest to the Strategic Action Programme; and5. Air emissions from urban and industrial sources.Given that it is highly unlikely that financial resources w
29、ill be available to accomplish all actions outlined in Annex C within the required timeframe of 2010, specific projects requiring substantial investments were identified and prioritized by stakeholders within the context of a realistic and politically acceptable financial strategy, as shown in the f
30、ollowing table. The investment portfolios of these projects are included in Annex D.Project (in order of priority)Approximate costMillion SYPMillion USD* Based on a conversion rate of 53 SYP for 1 USDThe rehabilitation of the Banias refinery IWWTP, including the construction of a landfill for indust
31、rial hazardous waste3005.7The construction of the Tartous municipal WWTP3005.7The construction of the Lattakia municipal WWTP136725.8The exchange of fuel with natural gas for two power generation units at the Banias thermal power plant280053.0The development of the municipal landfill of Tartous1252.
32、4The construction of a WWTP in Jableh and a sewerage network for the industrial area of Al Fawar Spring2204.2The construction of the Banias WWTP and sanitary sewers network56710.7The installation of fabric filters on the production line for the Tartous Cement Factory651.2The rehabilitation of the Ol
33、d Jableh City sewerage network 501.0Pretreatment of wastewater from food manufacturers at Fawar Spring area and Ugarit Beverages Company prior to discharge to public sanitary sewersNANAThese projects will enable Syria to achieve the targets of the Strategic Action Programme for the year 2010+ Refer
34、to Table 4.3. Nevertheless, the national action plan included in Annex C contains additional activities that do not require substantial investments such as segregation, recycling, or reuse of industrial wastes, in addition to incentives and institutional arrangements, which will also contribute to p
35、ollution reduction from land-based sources and activities in Syria by 2010.1.4 Plan Support ElementsThe responsibility for dealing with the main environmental issues in Syria lies within a number of ministries, in addition to the Ministry of Local Administration and Environment. These ministries bea
36、r a direct responsibility for providing the legislative framework or the institutional support necessary for environmental work.Applicable economic instruments for the implementation of the investment projects are limited to taxes that may be applied for rendered environmental services (wastewater t
37、reatment or landfilling) or added to the costs of generated products (electricity, or petroleum products).Monitoring and environmental-quality reporting system is based on the monitoring agreement signed between MEDPOL and the Syrian government. Other monitoring programmes may be also used for track
38、ing progress in pollution reduction. Environmental indicators for tracking progress on the sectoral level are also presented.The sustainability of the action plan is ensured through public participation in identifying environmental and economic priorities. These were reflected in the specific measur
39、es included in the action plan.Presently, environmental NGOs cannot be counted on for effective support in the implementation of this action plan. They are few in number and limited to one NGO in the coastal region. Nevertheless, non-governmental organizations in Syria are gaining experience, as the
40、y get more and more involved in environmental programmes; hence, their ability should be assessed on a regular basis.2. INTRODUCTION2.1 BackgroundAt the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in 1972, the Mediterranean Sea was declared as among the “pa
41、rticularly threatened bodies of water”. Consequently, the Mediterranean states requested the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to set up an activity framework for environmental co-operation in the Mediterranean region. In 1975, an action plan for protection and development of the Mediterra
42、nean basin was adopted. It was referred to as the “Mediterranean Action Plan” (MAP). One year after the legal framework for this cooperation was formed, three legal instruments were simultaneously adopted: the Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution, known as the Bar
43、celona Convention; the Protocol for the Prevention of Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft; and the Protocol concerning Cooperation in Combating Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Oil and Other Harmful Substances in Cases of Emergency.In order to translate the Bar
44、celona Convention into a legally binding Action Plan, the Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution from Land-Based Sources (LBS Protocol), was adopted. It came into force in 1983.Both the Barcelona Convention and its LBS Protocol were amended in 1996, following the 1992
45、 Earth Summit in Rio (UN Conference on Environment and Development) and the requirements of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (Agenda 21). In 1997, the Strategic Action Programme (SAP) was conceived as the operational and technical mechanism for the implementation of the LBS Protoco
46、l. The SAP requires that the Contracting Parties shall: Elaborate and implement, individually or jointly, national and regional action plans and programmes; Adopt priorities and timetables according to Annex 1 of the LBS Protocol; Consider the Best Available Techniques (BAT) and the Best Environment
47、al Practices (BEP), including clean production technologies (CP); and Undertake relevant preventive measures to reduce the risk of accidental pollution.The SAP is set out to have National Action Plans by 2005 to help countries fulfill their pollution clean-up objectives. The Action Plan presented in
48、 this document fulfills this requirement for the Syrian Arab Republic. Syria ratified the original LBS Protocol in 1993, and is expected to ratify the 1996 amendments by 2005.2.2 Purpose of the PlanA national programme of action is a dynamic short, medium, and long-term agenda for marine protection involving strategic planning; the implementation of concrete targeted and costed pro
