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1、非谓语动词【考情分析】1.不定式的时态和语态；2.不定式的功能：不定式的形容词性功能、不定式的副词性功能、不定式的名词性功能；3.不定式的省略；4.不定式的否定形式；5.不定式的搭配形式；6.独立主格结构；7.v-ing分词名词性功能；8.v-ing分词形容词性功能；9.v-ing分词副词性功能；10.过去分词与现在分词一般式的区别；11.过去分词与现在分词主动完成式的区别；12.过去分词与现在分词一般被动式的区别；I.概述1.基本形式的变化：不定式：时态主动态被动态一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing 完成式to have builtto have been bu
2、ilt1.John said that he had run in order to catch the bus.（一般式的主动态）2.He hated to be misunderstood by others. (一般式的被动态)3.He pretended to be listening attentively. (进行式)4.He intended to have told you that. (完成式主动态)5.This work of art seemed to have been created several centuries ago. (完成式的被动态)v-ing形式：时态
3、主动态被 动 态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done注意：不及物动词没有被动式动名词1.I am sure of his coming in time. (一般式主动态) （= I am sure that he will come in time）2.He is proud of being selected as monitor. (一般式被动态) （= He is proud that he is selected as monitor.）3.Im confident of his having passed the exam.
4、 (完成式主动态)（= I am confident that he have passed the exam.）4.He complained of having been cheated by others. (完成式被动态)现在分词1.He sat in a chair,reading a novel. (一般式主动态)2.Being exhausted by work, he fell asleep quickly. (一般式被动态)3.Having finished his homework, he went playing. (完成式主动态)4.All this having be
5、en settled, he went home. (完成式被动态)2.所做成分项目/成分主语 表语 宾语 宾补 定语 状语现在分词 动名词 不定式 过去分词 注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分。II.基本知识1.动词不定式在句中充当的成分作主语。1.To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.2.To make money is not the only purpose of our life.在很多情况下，常用it 来充当动词不定式的形式主语。It is important for us to learn English
6、 very well.作动词的宾语，常用在以下动词后：help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，(happen，seem) 如：1.He managed to pass the exam.2.He promised to be here at nine.3.I didnt expect to see you here.在某些复合宾语
7、中，用it做形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面去。如：1.He considered it better to leave now.2.I found it impossible to finish the work on time.作定语（常置于名词之后）。由only, last, next 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语; 及以下名词的定语(ability, anything, attempt, chance, curiosity, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure, intention, need, nothing
8、, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something) 如：1.She is always the first student to arrive at school.2.He is always the last one to leave the office.3.I dont think he is the best man to do the job.4.I have no desire to travel.5.Youll find something to interest you here.注：动词不定式to后所接
9、动词若是不及物动词，而不定式与其修饰的动词之间有动宾关系，这个不定式后就应有必要的介词。1.I havent decided which hotel to stay at.2.I found no one to play with.作状语1.I walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.（不至于跌倒）(表目的) 2.They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. (表结果)3.He tried only to fail.（结果没有成功）4.She was happy to h
10、ear the news. (表原因)不定式常用于修饰下列形容词：able, afraid, angry, anxious, apt, careful, careless, certain, clever, considerate, delighted, difficult, eager, easy, fit, frightened , happy, interesting, likely, lucky, quick, ready, reluctant , right, sorry, surprised, sure, thoughtful, thoughtless, unable, unwil
11、ling, wrong etc.如：1.French is difficult to learn. 2.Im sorry to interrupt you, but I have to.作独立副词成分。To speak frankly, I dont like your attitude.与疑问词连用。疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how等后加动词不定式，构成不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。如：1.When to start has not been decided.2.The problem is how to get there
12、 on time.注意：在有些动词后常用疑问词 + 动词不定式的结构。这类动词有：know, ask, tell, show, wonder, consider, understand, learn, instruct, guess, see, explain, discover, imagine, think, hear 等。如：1.He didnt know what to do next.2.I havent decided whether to go to Japan.不定式的复合结构：由for + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式构成的复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。如：1.I
13、t is necessary for you to finish the work before Friday.2.His idea is for us to travel in different cars.由of 引出的不定式复合结构经常与以下形容词连用：brave, careless,clever,courageous,foolish,good,honest,kind,nice,rash,right,rude,stupid,silly,thoughtful,thoughtlesswrong, wise1.Its kind of you to say so.2.Its brave of y
14、ou to go into the burning building to save the baby!不带to 的动词不定式：在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略to的动词不定式，如let, make, have, hear, see, feel, smell, hear, watch等。如：1.The teacher often makes me rewrite the composition.将该句转换成被动语态：I am often made by the teacher to rewrite the composition. I heard her say that she was f
15、ed up.在下列结构后常用不带to的动词不定式：had better, would rather, can not but, cannot help but, do nothing but等。Id better go now, or Ill miss the train.They can not but accept his advice.在except, but 之前有动词do作实义动词，则except, but 后一般接不带to的动词不定式，反之则接带to的动词不定式。We have no choice but to wait.There is no choice but to go t
16、here.There is nothing to do but to (to 可省略) read a book.在why, why not结构中，紧接其后的动词不定式不带to Why argue with him?Why not send those books back?2.动名词在句中充当的成分作主语1.Asking for help is sometimes necessary. 2.Eating too much is not good for your health.3.Teaching offers something besides money and power.作补语、表语1
17、.Seeing is believing.2.We call such an act cheating.作以下及物动词及词组的的宾语:建议冒险去献身：advise, suggest, risk, devote oneself to忍受期待不停顿：bear/stand(忍受), look forward to, stop放弃延期悔失去：give up, delay, put off, regret, miss坚持欣赏（想）要（实）践（完）成：keep (on)/insist on/stick to, enjoy/appreciate, feel like, practice, finish注意原
18、谅避反对：pay attention to, excuse, escape, avoid, object to考虑要求不自禁：consider, require, cannot help允许习惯不介意：forbid; permit, be/get used to/be accustomed to, mind值得开始想动名：be worth, set about, imagine如：1.The mother did agree to let the boy risk swimming across the river.2.His wife doesnt allow smoking inside
19、the room but allows him to smoke outside the room.3.All of them insisted on my staying with them a few days longer.4.Im looking forward to hearing from you soon.5.Being ill for a few days,she doesnt feel like eating anything.另在want, need, require等动词后，常用动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思（主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系）。My hair nee
20、ds cutting. (= My hair needs to be cut.)作定语：它与被修饰词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系，通常只表示用途或与所修饰的名词有关的动作。如:1.The factory built a swimming pool last year.2.Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.作同位语His hobby, making model airplanes, is very interesting.注意：动名词的复合结构:动名词的复合结构由物主代词或名词所有格 + 动名词构成。如果不是在句子开头，这种结构常可以由名词的普
21、通格或人称代词宾格 +动名词构成， 在句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：1.Do you mind my closing the door? Do you mind me closing the door?2.My closing the door made him angry.3.I cant stand Lao Changs talking like that about other comrades.动名词的某些固定结构It is + no use, no good(fun,a great pleasure, a waste of time,a bore.)等名词+doing sth.如：1.
22、It is no use crying.2.It is no good objecting.3.It is a waste of time trying to explainIt is + useless+doing sth如：It is useless speaking.There is no + v-ing “是不可能的”。如：1.There is no knowing how old she is.(= I t is impossible to know how old she is.)2.There is no telling where shes gone.(= It is impo
23、ssible / difficult to know where shes gone.)make a point of + doing “认为是必要的”如：Our family make a point of going to church every Sunday.(= Our family make it a rule to go to church every Sunday.)be on the point of + doing “濒临，将要”如：He was on the point of leaving.on (upon) + doing “一就”如：On hearing the n
24、ews, I changed my plans.(= As soon as I heard the news, I changed my plans.)go + doing (大部分指运动和游戏)如：He went shopping / hiking / swimming / fishing etc.动名词短语常用在以下结构中1.have difficulty (in) + doing sth 2.have trouble (in) + doing sth 3.have fun (in) + doing sth/ 4.have a good time (in) + doing sth/have
25、 a hard time (in) + doing sthfeel like + 动名词“想要”=would like to +原形动词 如：1.Do you feel like going to a movie?2.I dont feel like reading tonight3.分词在句中充当的成分作定语。作定语的分词如果是单个分词，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语则放在所修饰的名词后面。在用作定语时，分词在意思上接近一个定语从句。1.The boring snow made the bored boys go home. 2.China is a developing sociali
26、st country.3.The man writing the obituary (讣告) is my friend. (= The man who is writing the obituary is my friend.)4.The broken glass scattered on the ground.注：现在分词与过去分词都可作定语，但现在分词表达的是正在进行的事情，有主动意义；而过去分词表示的是已完成的事情，有被动意义。作表语、宾语补足语。能带分词作宾补的动词常见的有see, hear, keep, find, notice, watch, think, want, smell,
27、 observe等。1.The story is boring.2.I found him reading a novel. (现在分词作宾语补足语)3.I found him surrounded by a group of children. (过去分词作宾语补足语)作状语。分词作状语可以表示时间,原因, 条件,结果,伴随情况。1.Having read all the required papers, he answered the questions fluently.（时间）2.Being short of money, I decided to apply for the work
28、.（原因）3.Seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital.（原因）4.If going there by plane, well have to pay twice as much.（条件）5.Unless asked to answer questions, the pupils were not supposed to talk in Mrs Smiths class.（条件）6.The farmer used a new insecticide, thus raising the average yield by 15%.（结果
29、）7.He sat in a rocking chair, watching TV.（伴随）注意：分词的特殊结构独立主格有时分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，这时分词须带上自身的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。这种结构在句中多作伴随状语。亦可用来表示时间、原因、条件等。1.That being the case, wed better make some changes in the plan.2.Weather permitting, we will go out. = if weather permits 3.The teacher having finished the lesson, t
30、he students left the classroom.“with或without + 名词或代词 + 分词”的复合结构:常用作补充说明或表示伴随情况。例如：He fell asleep with the lamp burning.某些固定结构:generally / frankly speaking , judging from / by 中，分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，这种结构只限于为数很少的几个动词。1.Judging by his dress, he comes from a wealthy family.2.Frankly speaking, I dont like hi
31、m at all.catch+宾语+doing 如：1.I caught them stealing my apples2.If she catches me reading her diary，shell be furious.注：有些现在分词可以作介词用：如concerning, considering, regarding, respecting等。如：1.Considering his age, he is tall.2.I have nothing to say concerning his speech.III.非谓语动词比较1.做主语和宾语时的比较一般来说，不定式和动名词成份相同
32、时，表示客观性、一般性行为多用动名词表示，而表示一次性、具体性行为则多用不定式。1.Looking after children is her job.2.To clean the classroom is his job today.3.I like swimming, but I dont like to swim today because I dont feel well.注意下列重点内容：begin和start本身为进行时，或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时，须接不定式When we came in, they were beginning to have supper.After h
33、is explanation, I began to understand it / realize that I was wrong.有些词后面既可以接不定式亦可接动名词，但其意义有很大区别，须特别注意A. remember，forget，regret接动名词，表示完成意义(=having done)，接不定式，表示将来意义1.Please remember to bring me the book I want next time.2.I remember seeing her (=having seen her) somewhere before.3.Dont forget to wri
34、te to me soon.4.I never forget visiting (=having visited) them for the first time.5.I regret missing that good film last week.(后悔)6.I regret not taking (not having taken) your advice.7.I regret to say I cant take your advice. (遗憾=be sorry)B. mean：mean to do=want to do打算，想要 mean doing：意味着，就是1.I am so
35、rry I didnt mean to hurt your feelings. 2.I meant to call on you, but I was so busy.3.Learning a foreign language doesnt mean just working in class.C. stop：stop to do停下来，要干另一件事（不定式作目的状语）stop doing停止做（动名词作宾语）After some time, they stopped walking and had a rest.After walking some time, they stopped to
36、 have a rest.D.try：try to do，努力，试图干 try doing：试着干1.He searched everywhere and tried to find his key.2.He came to the city from the countryside and tried to find a job.3.The mother is out and the boy had to try cooking for himself.4.They tried to succeed and tried doing their experiments again and ag
37、ain.E.want，need，require接动名词表示被动意义，接不定式就要用被动式，这时主语与动名词之间为动宾关系。如：1.These young trees require looking after（=to be looked after）.2.The matter needs thinking over(=to be thought over).F.go on：go on to do继续干和原来不同的另一件事（不定式作目的状语）go on doing继续干原来同一件事（动名词作宾语） 1.After a smoke，he went on telling us that intere
38、sting story.2.After writing the composition ,he went on to work out his maths problems.G.动词advise，allow，permit，forbid后面接单宾语时用动名词，接复合宾语时用动词不定式。1.Doctors advise giving up smoking to benefit ones health.（放弃）2.The doctor advised him to give up smoking so as to improve his health. （放弃）3.She doesnt allow
39、(permit) smoking in her room.（允许）H.be considered to have done被认为已经做了considerto be认为是consider doing考虑做某事I.be（get）used to doing习惯于be used to do被用来做J.cant help doing情不自禁做cant help to do不能帮助做2.做宾补时的比较:不定式可以表示一次性、具体性行为，以及将来意义的行为。现在分词可以表示当时正在发生的进行意义的行为，亦可表示一个持续时间的延续性的行为动作。过去分词可以表示完成意义的行为或状态，及物动词的过去分词亦有被动意
40、义，不及物动词的过去分词仍是主动意义。1.When I came in, I saw her dancing happily.2.I often hear her sing songs in English in her room.3.They had the lights burning all night long.4.I saw Li Ping pass by and enter the next room just now.5.The mother will have the doctor examine her son again.6.Tomorrow Ill have my hai
41、r cut.7.When I got home I found the window broken and the thief gone away already.8.When they returned to their hometown, after an absence of twenty years, they found everything changed.3.做表语时的比较 不定式和动名词做表语解释主语内容，且可以和主语颠倒，意思仍然通顺，回答what的问题。它们有时存在经常性和一次性行为的区别，分词做表语表明主语的性质、特征和状态，不能和主语颠倒，可以回答how的问题。1.He
42、r job is cleaning offices.(What is her job?) (=Cleaning offices is her job.)2. Our job today is to clean the office.(=To clean the office is our job today.)3.The news is very exciting.(How is the news?)4.They are very tired after a long walk.5.The door is locked now.6.The children are well dressed t
43、hese days.4.做定语时的比较 不定式做定语与先行词有动宾、主谓和解释先行词内容等关系。在时态上常是将来意义，现在分词做定语是现在时或进行时态意义；过去分词做定语则是完成时态意义。此外，不定式做定语时只能后置，不可前置，而单个分词做定语可前置，分词短语做定语则须后置。动名词做定语，须前置，且要重读，它表明先行词的用途。而分词做定语表明先行词的性质、特征和状态。 1.a swimming boy=a boy who is swimming 2.a swimming pool=a pool for swimming 3.the boiling water=the water that is
44、 boiling 4.drinking water=water for drinking 5.Today I have a letter to write.6.Please find a man to help us.7.It is a good chance to practice your spoken English.8.I like reading books written by Lu Xun.9.The woman standing over there is our English teacher.10.The house to be built (=which will be
45、built/which is to be built) next year will be our new library.11.The house being built (=which is being built) now will be our new library.12.The house built (=which was built) last year is our new library now.5.做状语时的比较:不定式和分词做状语各有不同分工。动词不定式多做目的、结果句末；分词可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式状语，多置于句首，做伴随状语，多放在后面。分词用于go d
46、oing结构中作目的状语。目的状语：通常有不定式表示，由于不定式的客观性和将来性特征。不定式前还可加上in order，so as来加强说话的口气。但so as to通常不用于句首。1.The Smiths have gone to London to spend their holidays. 2.I came here (in order/so as) to hear the report. 3.In order to(不用so as to) see better, we took front seats.时间状语：分词作时间状语相当于时间状语从句。现在分词作时间状语一般位于句首，表示的动
47、作和谓语动词的动作同时发生，有时现在分词前可以加上时间连词。如果分词动作发生在谓语动词之前，用现在分词的完成体形式。过去分词作时间状语与谓语动词构成同时性和被动意义。分词前有时加上时间连词。1.Arriving (=When he arrived) at the bus stop, he found his sister there.2.Waiting (=When I was waiting) to see the doctor, I met with a friend of mine.3.Having (=When we have) made full preparations, we a
48、re ready for an examination.4.Having (=When he had) finished his homework, he went to bed.5.After finishing his homework, he went to bed.6.Seen (=When the town is seen) from the hill, the town looks more beautiful.7.Locked (=When he was looked) up in the room, he found himself isolated from the outer world.8.When asked to make a speech, he said he was glad to do so.9.Once recovered, he will go all out to do his work.原因状语：不定式作原因状语往往用于形容词之后,这些形容词通常是happy, sorry,
