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1、Welcome to Cindys class!,2017高考英语备考：阅读理解解题技巧,提纲,2016年全国卷I阅读理解命题特征分析2017年全国卷I阅读理解命题趋势预测2017年全国卷I阅读理解备考复习建议,Definition of Reading Reading is a selective progress.It involves partial use of available minimal language cues selected from perceptual input on the basis of readers expectation.As this partia
2、l information is processed,tentative decisions are made to be confired,rejected or refined as reading progress.Goodman,1970,The nature of reading,Meaning is the most important aim in reading;Comprehension is the ultamate goal of reading;Reading is an interactive progress which involves both the read
3、er and the text skillfully and implicitly to get meaning from the printed words.,ReaderText(symbols)MeaningComprehension,Strategies for reading,2016年全国卷I阅读理解命题特征分析,1.词量分析,四篇阅读平均总词量为380-420（412词）；语篇平均词量为250-300词（287词），长度适中；从题干描述所见，题干简洁明了。,2.体裁、题材和价值导向分析,提示：信息类文本属于必考篇目，以考察学生查找事实细节能力为主。备考时注意掌握正确的解题思路，训
4、练从文中迅速定位查找特定信息的能力。,2.体裁、题材和价值导向分析,提示：社会现象类的文本是备考的重要部分，此类文本不仅要求学生读懂事实信息，还要理解作者的意图态度，所以备考中注意扫清用词句式等阅读障碍，更要读懂字里行间的话外之音。题目设计上既关注细节信息，又关注推理判断和总结的能力。,2.体裁、题材和价值导向分析,提示：记叙文属于高考必备篇目。本题型通常文本较简单，多采用第一人称视角，给考生身临其境的直观感受。题目设置上以考查具体信息为主。备考时主要训练阅读的速度与精度，考查是否能迅速抓住大意并准确找到题目出处的能力和适当结合文章内容推理判断等的能力。,2.体裁、题材和价值导向分析,提示：说
5、明文通常介绍的主体较陌生、话题较生疏、词汇偏生僻，在备考中学生首要任务就是务必搞清楚文章说了什么，即“是什么”，有时还要明白来龙，即“为什么”，还可能要理解它的去脉，即“怎么用”。此类文本通常较枯燥，考查学生的阅读品质，词汇量也是制约学生得分的重要因素。,3.考点分布,提示：近几年全国I卷主要以考察细节理解和推理判断为主。,2016年全国卷I阅读理解命题趋势预测,1、整体预测“稳”,2016年10月14日，教育部考试中心在四川成都组织2017年高考考试大纲修订调研会，明确表示2017年试题难度与2016年保持一致。,2、细节预测 延续往年,题材丰富，主要涉及人与自我、人与自然和人与社会三大主题
6、群。体裁多样，主要涉及说明文、记叙文和议论文。题型以细节理解题和推理判断题为主。语篇长度和难度整体维持稳定。阅读总词汇量保持稳定。,3、价值导向预测 育人导向,通过选取相关材料、设定特定任务情景在潜移默化中渗透、融入核心价值观和中国优秀文化等内容，凸显高考的育人导向。,2016年全国卷I阅读理解训练方法,1.考什么？2.怎么考？3.如何解？,一、考什么？-两个依据,1.普通高中英语课程标准2.高考英语考试大纲,阅读技能要求（必修）,1.从语篇中提取主要信息和观点，理解其要意；2.理解语篇中显性或隐性的逻辑关系；3.把握语篇中主要事件的来龙去脉；4.抓住语篇中的关键概念和细节；5.理解书面语篇中
7、标题、小标题、插图的意义；6.辨认关键字词和概念以迅速查找目标信息；7.根据语篇标题预测语篇的主题和内容；8.批判性地审视语篇内容；9.根据上下文线索或非文字信息推断词语的意思；10.把握语篇的结构以及语言特征；11.识别书面语篇中常见的指代和衔接关系。,阅读技能要求（选修）,1.区分、分析和概括语篇中的主要观点和事实；2.识别语篇中的内容要点和相应的支撑论据；3.区别语篇中的时间顺序、空间顺序、过程顺序；4.理解文本信息与非文本信息的关系；5.根据定义线索理解概念性词语和术语；6.根据语篇标题预测语篇的体裁和结构；7.根据语境线索或图表信息推测语篇内容；8.通过预测和设问理解语篇的意义；9.
8、根据上下文推断语篇中的隐含意义。,考试大纲对阅读能力的要求,1.理解主旨和要义2.理解文中具体信息3.根据上下文推断生词的词义4.做出简单的判断和推理5.理解文章的基本结构6.理解作者的意图、观点和态度,阅读覆盖微技能,题型及解题技巧：1.细节理解 2.猜测词义 3.推理判断 4.主旨大意 5.观点态度 6.篇章结构,一、怎么考？,1.细节理解,本类试题主要考查学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。问题包括询问人(who)、物(what)、时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(cause)、结果(effect)、文中的数据(data)等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考
9、查这些细节。,Question Form：,1.According to the passage,who/what/which/when/where/why/how/how many/how much/how long/how soon/how ofen,etc.?,2.According to the passage,which of the following is true/not true?,3.According to the passage,which of the following is not mentioned?,4.All of the following are tru
10、e EXCEPT_.,5.In the passage the writer states that _.,1.事实2.定义3.比较4.年代与数字5.原因和结果,此类试题的答案一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到，但不可能与阅读材料一模一样。,Sample,Which of the following is NOT true?A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.B.Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents.C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D.Asia TV Stat
11、ion helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.,Miss Luo Lin,Miss sia of 1991,.,Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old,Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia.Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess.Before she took part in the competition,she had been an airhostess
12、 in Cathay Airline for seven years.However,it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage,dancing,singing,making-up and other proper manners,designed by Asia TV Station.,2.词义猜测,1.The word“.”in line.means/can be best replaced by.2.As used in the passage,the phrase“.suggests.3
13、.From the passage,we can infer that the word/phrase“.”is/refers to.4.The word“.”is closet in meaning to.,Question Form：,词义猜测技巧：,1.definition or paraphrase2.synonym or antonym3.adversative relation4.causal mon sense6.context7.demonstrative pronouns8.word formation9.examples or explanation10.retelling
14、 or identity relation,3.推理判断,1.不选择照抄原文的选项，要选择有同义词解释的选项。2.不选事实细节选项。3.不选非事实选项。4.选概括性/哲理性的选项。,技巧,1.It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that _.2.The passage suggests/implis that _.3.By the first sentence of the second paragraph,the author means _.4.We can conclude that _.5.When the writer talk
15、s about.,what he really means is that _.6.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?,Question Form：,1.The writer talked about the waitress age because he thought _.A.she was young B.it a pleasure to make friends with her C.she was beautiful D.it strange for her to fall in love with him
16、2.The waitress said hello to the writer every day because _.A.she lived near his house B.he often went to visit her mother C.she wanted to be friendly with him D.she lovd him very much,Sample,When the young waitress near my house started saying hello to me every day,I was very happy.She was at least
17、 fifteen years younger than I.One day she signed me to come near.When I wlked over,she asked,“Are you single?”“Why,yes.”I answered,smiling at her happily.“So is my mother.”she said,“Would you like to meet her?”,4.观点和态度,理解作者的观点和态度题 既考查学生对字面意思的理解，也考查学生对作者写作目的、态度、观点等的理解。正确理解作者的写作意图，所持的观点及阐述文章主题时的语气或他对所
18、论述的对象的态度。假如你是作者，你为什么要写文本？,注意：,贬义：disgust,critical,negative,tolerant,disappointment褒义：positive,wonder,support,useful,interesting,enthusiasm,admiring.中立：indifferent,impassive,uninterested,ambivalent,neutral,apathetic,disinterested.,Sample,The author appears _ modern advertising.A.to like B.to be indif
19、ferent to C.to dislike D.to know how to deal with,One of the most authoritative voices speaking to us today is,of course,the voice of the advertisers.It shouts at us from the television screens and the radio loudspeakers;waves to us from every page of the newspaper;signals to us from the roadside bi
20、ll-boards all day and flashes to us in colored lights all night.,5.文章基本结构,记叙文说明文议论文,（1）记叙文的基本结构 Narrative writing,Story presentation,Ending,Time clues,Inverted time clues,surprising,humorous,（1）说明文的基本结构 Descriptive writing,Definition(Introduction),Description(Explanation),Comparison,Examples,Classif
21、ication,Conclusion,（1）议论文的基本结构 Aegumentation,Topic,Arguments,theory,facts,examples,Conclusion,Supporting sentences,对文章基本结构理解的考查方式,1.问结构2.问指代3.问文章出处/前文/后续,2)The first paragraph is used as./to.,1）How is the text organized?A.Topic-Argument-ExplanationB.Opinion-Discussion-DescriptionC.Main idea-Comparis
22、on-supporting examplesD.Intruduction-supporting examples-conclusion,问结构,3)The first paragraph mentioned Peter Jennings death in order to _.,问指代,1)The word“everything”in paragraph 2 means _.2)What does the underlined word in paragraph 4 refer to?,问文章出处/前文/后续,1)The passage is most likely to be taken f
23、rom _.2)The passage is most likely a part of _.3)The passage is most likely to be taken from the article entitled _.4)What may be talked about before the first paragraph?/after the last paragraph?5)The paragraph followint the passage will probably discuss _.,6.主旨大意,考查考生 加工与浓缩信息的能力,如何做主旨大意题,做此类题目时，首先
24、要搞清的是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。,遵循 四字原则,精 用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想,准 要注意文章的内涵和外延，把作者的观点准确地表达出来,全 要排除掉那些片面的选项，选取包含文章的主要内容及作者观点的选项，范围不宜过大或过小,新 所选择的标题要新颖，对读者有吸引力，能激发读者的阅读兴趣,应试技巧,1.主题句的特点 主题句所表达的意
25、思具有概括性 句子结构简洁明了，作者一般不会采用长句或结构复杂的句子作为文章的主题句 文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释、说明、论证或扩展,2.主题句的位置,一、文首找主题句，提炼文章标题 新闻报道，说明文，议论文二、文尾找主题句，提炼标题或归纳大意三、首尾呼应展现主题句，瞻前顾后归纳大意 议论文 总-分-总四、整合每一段的主题句，归纳大意五、从段落中归纳要点抓大意,有些文章或段落无明显的主题句，只是暗示性地体现主题，这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括总结主旨大意。,The panda is a popular animal.Stories about t
26、he panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts.Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children,and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.,The panda is a popular animal.,Often no one looks more guilty than the inno
27、cent.On the other hand,nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal.And the man who knows“everything”may really only be trying to hide his own weakness.So,it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.,So,it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.,If
28、 you were planning to buy a television set,the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention:“Color TV.Only 79.Two days sale.Hurry.”However,when you go to the store ready to buy.You may discover that they are sold out.But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another mode
29、l.A much better set which is“just right for you”It costs 395.This sales trick is called“bait and switch”.Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement,and then they are switched to another more expensive one.Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.,T
30、he paragraph could be entitled _.A.Buying a TV Set B.A Selling Method C.Buyer Beware D.TV on sale,Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation.He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors.Harvard Law School and,later,Boston Coll
31、ege provided him with an excellent legal background.He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami,Florida.,The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A.Tom,who had studied at Paris Universities for four years,moved to another university.B.Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law Scho
32、ol and later from Boston College.C.Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D.Tom received an excellent education.,3.选项分析,-含有抽象名词和概括性词语。四个选项中，含有approach,concept,chance,opportunity,various,both,general,many,difficult,way,necessity,necessary,importance等词的选项一般是正确选项,-四个选项中，内容相近或
33、完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项,-那些概括全文，内容全面，含义深刻，说明道理的选项一般是答案项，而选项内容片面，单一的选项一般是错误选项,正确选项的特点,错误选项的特点,-把观点强加于作者.读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解.,-过于笼统.即归纳的主题太泛，与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述.,-以偏概全.只是局部信息，或是依据没有展开论述的话.,-无关信息.即在文章中没有提到或找不到语言根据的信息.,“阅读理解”解题步骤 的两种不同看法：,1.“先文后题”2.“先题后文”,“先文后题”,1.若有标题，一定要先审读标题。2.快速阅读，把握大意。3.快速浏览问题，
34、选择答案。4.带着“疑题”跳读短文。5.做完题之后，是否复查，要视情况而定。,“先题后文”,1.先读题时只能读问题或题干，不读问题后的选项。2.读题时要把问题记在心里，并带着这些问题去阅读短文。3.在带着问题读短文时，对文中出现的那些与问题有关的词句，用铅笔作些记号，以便下一步选择做好准备。4.读完短文之后，紧接着便选择答案。,七选五,作为语言微技能考查的形式之一，阅读填空着眼于语篇组织模式的呈现，关注语篇结构和行文逻辑，侧重考查语篇意识和句间关系。,考什么,1.语篇的组织模式：问题-解决模式 概括-具体模式 假设-真实模式 叙事模式,两个关键概念,2.语篇衔接(cohesion)1)语法衔接
35、(grammatical cohesion):Ellipsis 省略、substitution 替代 2)句法衔接(lexical cohesion):collocation搭配、reiteration 复现,题型分析,1.题型特征：文章体裁为说明文，关注与学生生活相关的应用类说明文，一般不选科普类说明文。此类文章主题涉及旅游、度假、探亲、交友、学习方法、工作面试、生活提示、体育训练等等。文章段首往往会有相当于小标题的名词短语或祈使句，后续段落往往可以组成相对独立的小语篇，有相对完整的模式和内容。,2.篇幅特征：测试语篇加5个选项总词数300左右，一般不会超过350.全国卷I除2013年篇幅明
36、显偏短以外，其他年份基本保持同样的篇幅。横向比较测试语篇篇幅的结论亦基本相同。,3.选项特征：全国I卷阅读填空的选项设置多以完整的句子出现，关联词、表达排列关系的词有可能出现在选项中。,4.设空特征：阅读填空题设定的正确答案，包括了主题、结构、逻辑诸方面的内容，基本包括了该题型的所有考查要点。作为答题技巧之一，复现原则很大程度上成为破解该类题型的关键。,1.培养语篇意识，快速明确主题 语篇意识先导，快速把握全篇主题，确定文章体裁是阅读填空题答题的前提。以主题为依据，在确定文章体裁的基础上，重点关注标题、首段和末段，从而以最快速度确定文段的主旨大意。,七选五复习建议,2.精确标注要点，框定语篇结
37、构 阅读填空的语篇一般结构清晰可辨。分析文章的结构包含两种形式：一种是分析整篇文章的结构，另一种是分析每一个段落内部的结构。语篇与段落是有区别的，语段是篇章结构的中间层次，是由句子到篇的一种过渡形式。,3.紧扣行文逻辑，关注衔接连贯 文章的内容一般更具各层各段的大意有机地组合而成，这就是语篇的逻辑分布。逻辑分布的三个维度，包括行文逻辑、句间连贯和语句衔接。语篇的各个层次，各个段落之间不管怎样错落有致，它所表达的内容都是要围绕中心的，各句之间都有一定的逻辑脉络可循。所谓的语段的逻辑关系，通常可分为并列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系。,4.找准复现词汇，完美复原语篇 词汇衔接指通过词汇
38、选择在篇章中建立一个贯穿篇章的链条，从而建立篇章的连接性，是实现语篇连贯的重要接应机制之一。复现和搭配指的是某一词以原词、同义词、近义词、概括词重复出现在语篇中，语篇中的句子通过这种复现关系达到了相互衔接。复现包括原词复现和派生词重现两种情形，也就是指现存语篇和候选项之间可能存在的某种意义上的语义吻合关系。,能力！能力！能力！语篇！语篇！语篇！逻辑！逻辑！逻辑！知识！知识！知识！,2017高考英语备考：书面表达解题技巧,高考英语作文评分标准详解,一、如何理解“应用了较多的词汇”二、如何理解“应用了较多的语法结构”三、如何理解“上下文的连贯性”四、如何理解“语言的得体性”五、如何理解“紧扣主题的
39、适当发挥”,一、如何理解“应用了较多的词汇”,（一）高级词汇的使用（二）同义词的使用（三）适当利用短语取代单词,（一）高级词汇的使用,评分标准第五档次的要求中提到，“词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致”。这里所说的“高级词汇”，指的是大纲中没有列入或没有识记要求，但在实际运用中却出现比较频繁的词汇，比如frustration,awkward,awfully,concern等词，都可以算作是“高级词汇”。考生若能够适当地运用一些高级词汇，定会给评卷老师留下深刻的印象。,1.I cant find any way to solve the problem.(换作高级词汇：I
40、 cant find any solution to the problem.)2.The pet dog is so lovely that almost everybody likes her.(换作高级词汇：The pet dog is so cute that almost everybody likes her.),3.The question is really difficult to understand.(换作高级词汇：The question is really confusing.)4.He had to face all the possible difficultie
41、s.(换作高级词汇：He had to cope with all the possible difficulties.),set off for home/head home make great progress make major progressA man is walking down the street.A man is strolling down the street.The museum is very beautiful.The museum is maganificent.The job is very difficult to do.The job is chall
42、enging.,The food is inviting.The news is encouraging.The advertisement is catchy.,（二）同义词的使用,英语中有些词的使用频率非常高，比如interesting,clever等，在表达时大家都很喜欢用，这样很容易令文章陷入千人一面的窘境中。但如果我们能够使用它们相应的同义词，就可以做到与众不同，给评卷者带来清新的感觉。,1.It will be very interesting.(换作同义词：It will be a lot of fun.)2.He was so clever that he could coun
43、t all the way up to 100 at one year old.(换作同义词：He was so smart that he could count all the way up to 100 at one year old.),3.Last summer I visited New Jersey with my parents.(换作同义词：Last summer I toured New Jersey with my parents.),（三）适当利用短语取代单词,1.Suddenly I had a good idea.(换作短语：Suddenly I came up w
44、ith a good idea.)2.Take a moment to see what is happening around you.(换作短语：Take a moment to see what is going on around you.),3.Everyone should do his or her best.(换作短语：Everyone is supposed to do his or her best.),4.When he was a child，he wanted to learn everything.（普通）When he was a child，he had a s
45、trong appetite for knowledge.（高级）,I read all the books I could find that threw light upon these matters.The boy threw an angry look at me.The scenery on the top of themountain held me entirely in its power.,二、如何理解“应用了较多的语法结构”,固定句式（如感叹句、复合结构、强调句型等）、定语从句、现在分词短语等都属于较复杂的语法结构。这些结构的正确使用，可以使文章的语言充满层次感，从而较好
46、地反映写作者的语言运用能力。,（一）使用固定句式,1.She was robbed of her purse but she had no time to call for help.(使用before one can do sth.结构：She was robbed of her purse before she could call for help.),2.The environment will never improve until everybody takes care of it.(使用倒装结构：Not until everybody takes care of it will
47、 the environment improve.),（二）使用现在分词结构,现在分词结构可以表达伴随、原因等状语，因此几乎在任何文章中都可以用得上。现在分词短语可以使句子的表达更加简洁、生动，而且也使前后两个动作的衔接更加紧密。,1.Nowadays,we can easily travel from one place to another and this bridges the gap among different races or cultures.(换作现在分词短语：Nowadays,we can easily travel from one place to another,t
48、hus bridging the gap among different race or cultures.),2.People worked together on the assembly line.(换作现在分词短语：People worked together on the assembly line,moving quickly and efficiently.),（三）使用定语从句,定语从句的使用，不仅能使上下文更加流畅，也同时能充分展示写作者运用较复杂的语法结构的能力。,1.My favorite living writer is Roddy Doyle.I think he i
49、s a genius.(使用定语从句：My favorite living writer is Roddy Doyle,who I think is a genius.)2.My aunt bought me a book.The title of the book is All about USA.(使用定语从句：My aunt bought me a book,whose title is All about the USA.),conclusion:,1.肯定不如双否好。“邮递员天天准时到.”The postman comes on time everyday.The postman n
50、ever fails to come on time。“几乎每个人对生活的态度都不同程度受到地震的影响.”There was hardly a man or a woman whose attitude towards life had notbeen affected by the earthquake.,2.陈述不如倒装妙。在书面表达中阅卷老师喜欢看到的高级语法常有倒装、强调、从句、独立主格、分词结构及虚拟语气。倒装是一种最简单易行的使句子呈现亮点的方法。高中阶段只需掌握倒装的四种形式，足以应对书面表达。,A.否定词开头：试比较I will never marryyou.Never wil
