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1、Outline,EpidemiologyAnatomy and biomechanicsRadiographical and arthroscopic evaluation Classification Criteria for acceptable reduction predictors of instabilityComplication AAOS-guidelines Debates,Epidemiology,Frequency Distal radial fractures account for 1/6 of all fractures seen in the EDRace No
2、racial preferenceshave beenreported,AgePeaks at ages 5-14 years and at ages 60-69 years.Young patients intra-articular Elderly patients extra-articularGenderPostmenopausal women,female-to-male ratio 4:1 Adolescent boys and girls,the ratio is 3:1,Anatomy,volar radial tuberosity,lunate facet buttress,
3、PQ=Pronator Quadratus Line,or PQ LineWS=Watershed Line,X=Volar Radial TuberosityVR=Volar Radial Ridge,Biomechanics,80%of the load is taken on the distal radius and 20%of the load is taken on the TFCC,DIC=dorsal intercarpal ligament DRC=dorsal radiocarpal ligament,Radiographic Assessment,X-ray CT MRI
4、 Arthroscopic evaluation,X-ray,0.9mm,10-15,正面切线位（11）,侧面切线位（21）,标准侧位,关节面切线位,CT,CT,MRI,Arthroscopy,Classification,Fracture classification systems are,in effect,tools.The purpose of the tool is to help the surgeon to choose an appropriate method of treatment for each and every fracture occurring in a p
5、articular anatomical region.The classification tool should not only suggest a method of treatment,it should also provide the surgeon with a reasonably precise estimation of the outcome of that treatment.-Albert H.Burstein,PhD,Deputy Editor for Research,Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery,Colles fractu
6、re is an extraarticular low energy fracture primarily sustained in the elderly,a fracture almost unique to caucasian women.,a classic Colles fracture,Sir Abraham,Colles Fracture(1814),Smiths fracture 1847,Robert William Smithconsidered this an injury of exceedingly rare occurrence,but its descriptio
7、n heralded the age of vehicular trauma in 1847:The patient,in endeavouring to save himself from being run over by a car,fell with great violence upon the back of his hand.,Robert William Smith(1807-1873),woodcut from Smiths original description,The classic Bartons fracture describes the dorsal rim f
8、racture subluxation,a shear-type injury.John Rhea Bartons addresses the difference between a true dislocation and this fracture:a dislocation typically has no crepitus,and once reduced tends to remain that way,John Rhea Barton(1794-1871),Bartons Fracture(1838),Die punch,die punch fracture,or lunate
9、load impact fracture of the posteromedial corner of the radius,was more recently described byScheck,The absence of ligamentous attachments to the depressed fragment precludes reduction.In high energy trauma,one component of an unstable displaced fracture,the axial load through the lunate creates an
10、impact fracture on the lunate facet,A case report,a1,a2,Chauffeurs fracture,The backfire,or Chauffeurs fracture,was extremely common in these days of voluminous traffic according toHarold C.Edwards,who described 42 fractures sustained from the impact of the downward swing of the automotive crank han
11、dle.,This is a high energy styloid fracture with carpal subluxation.,Salter-Harris Classification(1963),Pediatric Fracture Classification Thegrowth plateis the weakest structure in the developing ends of long bones,and therefore a common site for injuries,including the distal radius.,Frykman 1967,Fe
12、rnandez 1996,Type I:bending,Type II:Shearing,Type III:Compression,Type IV:avulsion,including radiocarpal injuries,Type V:combined,high energy fractures,type A extra articular type B partial articular,AO(1987),type Ccomplete intra-articular,Medoff Anatomy Classification(1999),Five predictors of insta
13、bility,a patient over 60an intra-articular fracture dorsal incomminution dorsal angulation of more than 20 an associated ulnar fracture,Treatment options,Closed reduction and immobilizationClosed reduction and Percutaneous pinningExternal fixationArthroscopically assisted reduction and Ex.Fixation o
14、f intraarticular fracture.ORIF with plate fixationBone grafting,There is no consensus on the management of theses fractures But definitions seem unclear in many papers.This might be the reason of discrepancy,Treatment of Type C3 Distal Radius Fracture,Guidelines for Reduction of Distal Radial Fractu
15、res,Radial shortening 15 degreesSagittal tilt on lateral projection between 15 degrees dorsal tilt and 20 degrees volar tiltIntraarticular step-off or gap 2 mm of radiocarpal jointArticular incongruity 2 mm of sigmoid notch of distal radius,Functional Evaluation,Analysis of Complications,(1)Tendon I
16、rritation or Rupture Due to Past-pointing of Distal Screws,All screws are past the dorsal cortex and into the tendons,but none will be seen as too long on a lateral x-ray.,A Case Report,Irritation or Rupture of Volar Tendons due to Prominent Plates or Backing Out of Distal Screws,too distal-into the
17、 joint too proximal-not support the sub-chondral bone too radial-plate tilts on the volar radial tuberosity and may become palpable,Ulnocarpal Impaction Syndrome,Nerve Injury Is Also A Possibility,Pain was persistent and disabling,The patient is a 79 years old who had adistal radius fracture which w
18、as treated with an volar plate,Intraoperative view with the screw tip impinging on the posterior interosseous nerve,Another intraoperative view with a better view of the screw tip.,Screws into Radiocarpal Joint,PA facet view Tilt to 11,Facet lateral view tilt to 21,True lateral view,Non-union,Comple
19、x Regional Pain Syndrome,The incidence of CRPS after distal radius fracture ranges from 2%to 39%stiffness,difficulty sleeping,burning pain,and cold sensitivity are the common symptomsVitamin C at a dose of 500 mg/d has been shown to decrease the incidence,Consensus-3,X-rays in nonoperative fractures
20、 for 3 weeks and start of ROM.Re-evaluate patients with unremitting pain during follow-up.Patients perform active finger ROM.“In the absence of reliable evidence it is the opinion of the work group that.”,Moderate-5,ORIF for post-reduction radial shortening 3mm,dorsal tilt 10 degrees,or intra-articu
21、lar displacement or step-off 2mm Rigid immobilization removable splints for displaced fractures treated non-operatively Patients do not need to begin early wrist motion Vitamin C for the prevention of disproportion-ate pain.,14 Inconclusive Results,To perform nerve decompression when nerve dysfuncti
22、on persists after reductionCasting as definitive treatment for unstable fractures that are initially adequately reducedAny one specific operative method for fixation of distal radius fractures,Operative treatment for patients over age 55 with distal radius fracturesLocking plates in patients over th
23、e age of 55 who are treated operativelyImmobilization of the elbow in patients treated with cast immobilizationUsing of bone graft(autograft or allograft)or bone graft substitutes for the filling of a bone void as an adjunct to other operative treatmentsusing of supplemental bone grafts or substitut
24、es when using locking plates,Over-distraction of the wrist when using an external fixatorFixation of ulnar styloid fractures associated with distal radius fracturesUsing external fixation alone for the Management of distal radius fractures where there is depressed lunate fossa or 4-part fracture(sag
25、ittal split)Using the occurrence of distal radius fractures to predict future fragility,Questions and Debates,The absence of large,prospective outcome trials of the different methods of treatment is surprising?Is anatomical restoration of the distal radius necessary to achieve good long-term functio
26、n?Does the early mobilization allowed by volar locking plates improve outcome?There does not appear to be a clear correlation between radiological degenerative change and a poor clinical outcome,What is the cost of the procedure and does the cost of the surgery and the implant balance any earlier return to normal function?,Thanks for Your Attention,
