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1、Effective Teaching Preparation in TEFL in Secondary Schools:Designing Effective Instructional Objectives,Liu YongzhongBijie Municipal Research Institute 0f Education Science毕节市教育科学研究所 刘永忠QQ number:1052890868Cell phone number:18985899589,1.Effective Teaching Preparation,1.1 What is effective teaching
2、 preparation?,effective,producing the result that was wanted or intended,the work teachers do before classroomteaching in order to produce the intended teaching/learning result,teaching preparation,instructional/lesson planning,effective teaching preparation,Effective teaching preparation is directl
3、y related to students learning and achievement.When teaching preparation is effective it will be easier for students to achieve the instructional objectives.,Successful teaching is greatly dependent on effective teaching preparation which is a critical aspect of teaching,and is often given less impo
4、rtance than it deserves.Its important that teachers spend sufficient time preparing the lesson prior to teaching the lesson.As the old saying goes,If you fail to plan,you plan to fail.,1.2 What does effective teaching preparation include?,Analyzing learners(the learning problem,the learners needs,ex
5、isting knowledge,and any other relevant characteristics),the learning environment and teaching materialsDesigning effective instructional/teaching objectives,Designing learning tasks/activitiesDesigning teaching proceduresPreparing teaching media and supplementary materials Choosing teaching methods
6、Above all,it is a key process to design effective instructional/teaching objectives which are the bases for effective teaching and learning.,2.Design Effective Instructional objectives 2.1.Instructional Objectives Instructional objectives are also called learning objectives and represent the intende
7、d learning outcomes of the training and describe what students will be able to do after they complete the training.,Effective instructional objectives describe specific and complete performances that can be observed,operated and tested/measured according to the National English Curriculum and learne
8、rs actual development level and zone of proximal development(ZPD).,2.2 Effective instructional objectives,Objectives are directions.Go in wrong direction and you will work in vain.If you dont know where you are going,it is difficult to select a suitable means for getting there.Effective objectives c
9、an promote students learning,classroom behavior and communication,and can improve teaching assessment and tests.,2.3 Why do teachers designeffective instructional objectives?,The first thing teachers should do before classroom teaching is to design effective instructional objectives so that students
10、 learn effectively.,2.4 The Qualities of Effective Instructional Objectives,Specific/ClearComplete/ComprehensiveOperableObservableTestable/Measurable,SCOOT,(Bloom,1956),Complete,Bloom(1913 1999)American educational psychologist,Cognitive:thinking/mental skills(Knowledge)Affective:growth in feelings
11、or emotional areas(Attitude)Psychomotor:doing/manual or physical skills(Skills),COGNITIVE:six levels or hierarchies,Remembering:can the student recall or remember the information?Understanding:can the student explain ideas or concepts?Applying:can the student use the information in a new way?Analyzi
12、ng:can the student distinguish between the different parts?Evaluating:can the student justify a stand or decision?Creating:can the student create new product or point of view?,AFFECTIVE,RECEIVING 接受SPOERNDING 反应VALUING 形成价值观念ORGANIZATION 组织价值观念系统CHARACTERIZATION BY VALUE 价值体系个性化,PSYCHOMOTOR,PERCEPTI
13、ON 知觉IMITATION 模仿OPERATION 操作ACCURACY 准确CONSISTENCY 连贯HABITUATION 习惯化,2.5 Ways of Designing Effective Instructional Objectives,What should we study？,The National English CurriculumStudents existing developmentThe teaching content/textbookTeaching theories,义务教育阶段英语课程的首要目的是为学生发展综合语言运用能力打基础，为他们继续学习英语和未
14、来职业选择创造有利条件。同时，英语课程有利于学生体验中外文化差异，丰富思维方式，增进国际理解，提高人文素养。英语教育应做到人文性与工具性并重，使学生在英语学习过程中既能够发展综合语言运用能力，又能够学会如何学习，养成良好的意志品质和合作意识，学习如何处理人与人、人与社会、人与自然的基本关系，形成创新意识，发展科学精神，从而全面提高综合素质。,2.5.1 Study the National English Curriculum,义务教育阶段英语课程的总体目标是：通过英语学习使学生形成初步的综合语言运用能力，促进心智发展，提高综合人文素养。综合语言运用能力的形成建立在语言技能、语言知识、情感态度
15、、学习策略和文化意识等诸方面整体发展的基础之上。语言知识和语言技能是综合语言运用能力的基础；文化意识有利于正确地理解语言和得体地使用语言；有效的学习策略有利于提高学习效率和发展自主学习能力；积极的情感态度有利于促进学生主动学习和持续发展。这五个方面相辅相成，共同促进学生综合语言运用能力的形成与发展。以语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识等五个方面共同构成的英语课程总目标，既体现了英语学习的工具性，也体现了其人文性；既有利于学生发展语言运用能力，又有利于学生发展思维能力，从而全面提高学生的综合人文素养。,The Overall Goal of English Curriculum i
16、n Basic Education,To cultivate students comprehensive application capability of the language.,Five aspects of comprehensive application capability of the language,language knowledge:phonetics,grammar,vocabulary,functions,topicslanguage skills:listening,speaking,reading,writingcultural awareness:know
17、ledge,understanding,across-cultural communication,awarenesslearning strategies:cognitive strategy,self-management,communicative strategy,resourcing.Affective aspect:international perspectives,patriotism,confidence,motivation.,课程目标（三至五级分级目标描述,分级标准 语言技能分级标准,2.5.2 Analyze Learners and teaching material
18、,Who are your students?How many students will you have?What do they need to learn?What do they already know?Is there a gap between what they know and where they need to go with this instruction?What do you need to teach?Do you need to do a pre-test to see where they are and where you need to begin?W
19、ill you need to do a review with the students?What types of learning need to happen?(See Blooms Taxonomy of Learning for domains of learning.)Knowledge Skills Attitudes,The actual development level and zone of proximal development（ZPD）,According to Vygotsky,all good teaching will take place in the Z
20、PD of learners.Determine students zones of proximal development based on their actual development level.The gap between what a learner can achieve alone,and what can be achieved with someone elses help,is called the zone of proximal development(ZPD).ZPD is“the discrepancy between a childs actual men
21、tal age and the level he reaches in solving problems with assistance indicates the zone of proximal development.”,2.5.3 Describing Objectives,Well-written objectives describe what the student will be able to do after learning the lesson.Before writing,the teacher must identify the learning outcomes
22、so that the lessons activities are directed toward the desired result.,The ABCD method of writing objectives,A audience,always the studentsB behavior or action C condition D degree of achievement or acceptable criteria The condition is usually placed first,followed by the behavior or verb,and then t
23、he criteria.Objectives are written in the future tense.,Writing Objectives:Key Verbs,Cognitive(Thinking)Domain,Kathy V.Wallery,Attitudinal or Affective(Valuing)Domain,Psychomotor(Doing or Skills)Domain,No.1To help students learn to describe peopleTo help students learn to read a narrative text,3.Pro
24、blems in Designing Instructional Objectives in Current TEFL in Secondary Schools,No.21.knowledge aims:（1）Get the first impression of the new words and expressions in this period.Try to understand them according to the context.（2）Remember at least five adjectives to describe a great person.2.Ability
25、aims:（1）Do reading practice to improve the students reading ability.3.Emotional aims:（1）Develop the students moral quality.Teaching important points:（1）Enable the students to grasp the main idea of the passage.（2）Improve the students reading ability.,No.3Help students grasp some adjectives of descri
26、bing a person.Get students discuss and figure out what makes a great person.Develop students reading skills and let them know Mandela.Key point:adjectives of describing peoples qualities and know about the story about Elias and Mandela.Difficult point:How to understand the text.,3.1 Ambiguous Help s
27、tudents to learn some useful expressions.3.2 Big通过创设人文情境，学生亲身感受和体验，使语言学以致用，激发学生的学习积极性，培养他们的自主学习、合作学习、善于学习的习惯，并让他们在实践中体验成功。3.3 SmallTo understand the passive voice of the future tense and discover some useful words and expressions.3.4 Dislocation for subject of objectives3.5 Confuse objective with ac
28、tvities,Activities？Objectives？,Students will be able to:read and know about the two cities introduced in the reading passagechoose proper prepositions used with relative pronounslearn some expressions to describe a city or a placewrite a short passage about Beijing,A,A,O,O,describe a city or a place
29、,Observable?Measurable？,Students will be able to:fully master the words learned inuse the functional items in their dialoguegive examples to support their ideas in the writing.understand the inter-relationship of the paragraphs and develop strategies,N,N,Y,Y,Read/spell the word;make sentences with t
30、he word,Draw a map of the structure of.,Examples of Instructional Effective Objectives,To enable students to talk about festivals and customs in English and express or support an opinion with suitable expressions.,【Poor】,After this class C,the students A willbe able to say B fluently D the names of
31、some important festivals in English,and tell what people often do on these holidays.,【Better】,To let students know something aboutScotland.,【Poor】,【Better】,Try to avoid verbs that cannot be measured or are redundant.,After reading this passage C,mostD students A will be able to list in written form B places of interest in Scotland.,In a word,SCOOT and ABCD make effective instructional objectives.,Wish you good health,much happiness and a great success！Thank you!,
