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1、动词的语气,前言,它是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对所说内容的看法和态度，有陈述、祈使、虚拟 三种语气。,一、陈述语气(The Indicative Mood)用来陈述一个事实，或提出一个想法，有肯定、否定、疑问或感叹等形式。,Japan lies on the east of China.日本位于中国东部。The fish is not alive without water.鱼儿离不开水。,People dont hibernate.人不冬眠。What a strange-looking person(he is)!相貌好古怪的人！,二、祈使语气(The Imperative Mood)用来
2、表示请求、邀请、命令、警告或劝告等。,Dont be worry.不要着急。,Dont say it in Chinese.Say it in English,please.不要用汉语说，请用英语说。,Let me have a try.让我试一试。,Let him go.让他走吧。,三、虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)表示说话人的一种愿望、建议、命令、要求、有时是一种非真实的假设、料想，或是不可能实现的与事实相反的愿望。一般常用于正式的书面语中。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。通常有三种情况：与过去事实相反。（过去虚拟）与现在事实相
3、反。（现在虚拟）与将来事实可能相反。（将来虚拟）,If he had been here,he would have agreed with me.如果他在这儿，他就会同意我的意见。,I wish I could fly.我希望我能飞。,动词的虚拟语气,有条件从句的主从复合句中的虚拟语气,某些动词的宾语从句中的虚拟语气,某些名词性从句中的虚拟语气,某些状语从句的虚拟语气,虚拟语气的练习,一、有条件从句的主从复合句中的虚拟语气。,1、与现在事实相反的假设。从句用过去式（Be动词用were），主句用would/should/could/might+V，should只用于第一人称。,Eg、If I
4、were you,I wouldnt do that.If I knew your telephone number,I would call you up.,Could/might可用于主句，也可用于从句。Eg、If I could use it,I would/should get it.,2、与过去事实相反的假设。,Eg.If you had come earlier,you might have met him.If I could have used it,I would have got it.,从句用过去完成式，主句用would或should+不定式完成式，Could/might
5、可用于主句，也可用于从句。,Eg.If she were free tomorrow,she might go with you.If you should succeed,everything would be all right.If it were to rain,the crops would be saved.,从句有三种形式:过去式/should+V./were to+V.主句用would/should+V.Could/might可用于主句，也可用于从句。,3.与将来事实相反的假设。,四、几种特殊的虚拟语气,一、虚拟倒装句 If从句中若含有should,had 或者were，那么就
6、可以把它们放在句首，与主语颠倒形成倒装，但动词过去式不可以与主语倒装。,What would have happened,_ as far as the river bank?(01 上海)Bob had walked fartherB.if Bob should walk fartherC.had Bob walked fartherD.if Bob walked farther,Were he here,he would come to help us.如果他在，他会来帮助我们。,Had you been here just now,you would have met her.假如你刚才
7、在这里，你就会遇见她。,Should I see him tomorrow,I would tell him about it.假如我明天看见他，我就会告诉他关于这一切。,Had you done as I told you,you would have succeeded.假如你按照我说的去做，你就会成功。,二、错综（混合）条件句,当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。,If you _ him yesterday,you _ what to do now.asked would knowB.ha
8、d asked would have knownC.asked him knowD.had asked would know,If you hadnt bought the ticket last week,how would you go now?,If he had set out earlier,he would be home now.如果他早点出发，他现在已到家了。,If I were not busy,I would have come.假如我不忙，我家会来了。,You would be much better now if you had taken my advice.假如你接
9、受了我的意见，你现在就会好的多。,Without your help,we _ such rapid progress.A.couldnt make B.wouldnt makeC.will not have made D.wouldnt have made,三、介词短语表条件,用介词短语代替条件状语从句。常用的介词由with,without,but for等。,What would you do with a million dollars?=if you had a million dollars,Nothing could live without the sun.,But for yo
10、ur help,we couldnt have succeeded.,考题点击：I went by plane;otherwise I _ much longer time.A.could take B.would take C.will have taken D.would have taken,四、情境中提供虚拟语气,Suppose there were no gravity,objects would not fall to the ground when dropped.She wasnt feeling very well.Otherwise she wouldnt have lef
11、t the meeting so early.,有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过其他手段代替条件句。,I was ill that day.Otherwise,I would have taken part in the sports meet.（副词）,He telephoned to inform me of your birthday,or I would have known nothing about it.（连词）,A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days
12、.（定语从句）,Everything taken into consideration,they would have raised their output quickly.（独立主格结构）,五、含蓄条件句,Having taken everything into consideration,they would have raised their output quickly.,He telephoned to inform me of your birthday,or I would have known nothing about it.（连词）I might have given y
13、ou more help,but I was too busy.（连词）,六、其它手段,Given more time,we could have done it better.（分词短语）,Such mistakes could have been avoided.（通过上下文）,5、虚拟语气用在含有If it were not for或If it had not been for 条件句中，相当于but for。,If it were not for the rain,the crops would die.If it had not been for your help,we could
14、nt have finished the work ahead of time.,6、虚拟语气表示委婉语气的句型中。虚拟语气还可以在口语中，使语气显得比较客气委婉。这时谓语多由should,would,could,might加动词原形构成：陈述自己的看法：It would be a shame to stop the work halfway.提出请求或邀请：Would you mind turning the light on?提出建议或劝告：You had better leave the matter to me.提出问题：1.What would you advise me to do
15、?2.Do you think you could spare us a few minutes?,It would be better for you not to do that.Would you be so kind as to show me the way to the railway station.,注意事项：,a.主句用中should只用于第一人称，从句中只在将来事实相反的假设中用于各人称。,b.不可混用虚拟、陈述语气。,Eg.If I had time,I would help you.If I have time,I will help you.,返回,二、某些动词宾语从
16、句中的虚拟语气,1、wish.不同的虚拟形式表示与任何时间相反的愿望。,a.表示与现在事实相反的假设或愿望。,Eg、I wish I knew him.,b.与过去事实相反的愿望，从句用过去完成式或could+不定式完成式。,Eg、I wish I hadnt said that.I wish I could have passed the exam.,c、与将来事实可能相反或难以实现的愿望，用would/should/could+V.Eg.I wish I would go.d、与现在正发生的事实相反的愿望，从句用过去进行式。Eg.I wish he wasnt/werent talking
17、.以上虚拟形式均不可省略。,2、表示命令,建议,要求的动词的宾语从句中的虚拟语气。,3.Would rather/had rather 常接无 that 引导的宾语从句，谓动常用过去式表示将来。,Eg.I would rather you told me the truth.I would rather they didnt go tomorrow.,返回,谓语用should+V.should可省略。动词是：一坚持(insist),二命令(order,command,appoint),四建议(suggest,propose,advise,recommend),六要求(request,requi
18、re,demand,desire,ask,urge).但 suggest 当表示“暗示、表明”,insist 表示“坚持说”，“坚持认为”时，用直陈语气。Eg.I suggest that we(should)not smoke any more.Your grey clothes suggest that it is old.I insisted that you were wrong.,三、某些名词性从句中的虚拟语气,1、上面一些表示命令,建议,要求的动词都有相应的名词形式(suggestion,proposal,idea,plan,order,advice,decision)，与之相关的
19、表语、同位语从句用同样的虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。Eg.My suggestion was that we(should)hold a meeting next week.I made a suggestion that we(should)hold a meeting next week.,2、上面动词变成过去分词，主语从句中的谓动用同样的虚拟语气。Eg.It is suggested that we(should)hold a meeting next week.,1.It is requested that Mr Smith should give a performanc
20、e at the Party.2.It is desired that we(should)get everything ready by tonight.3.It was arranged that they(should)leave the following week.4.It has been decided that the meeting(should)be postponed(put off)till next Saturday.,3、It is important/necessary/that It is strange/impossible/that It is a pity
21、/a shame/no wonder that等后动用同样的虚拟语气。,It is necessary that he(should)come to our meeting tomorrow.I am sorry that he should be in such poor health.We were surprised that he should be so lazy.It is necessary that he(should)be sent there at once.It is important that we(should)unite with all that can be
22、united in the struggle.It will be better that we meet some other time.It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.It is quite natural that such fears should arise.It is a great pity that he should be so conceited(foolish).,4、用ones idea,proposal,plan-等名词后的表语、同位语从句用同样的虚拟语气。,E
23、g.My idea is that we(should)get more people to attend the meeting.My suggestion is that a few comrades(should)be sent to help them.My idea is that we(should)do the work ourselves.The order the Emperor had given was that the cloth be woven for so much money.,Their plan that the factory(should)be enla
24、rged is true.What do you think of Xiao Yangs proposal that we(should)put on a play at the English evening?,以上从句的构造，谓语动词所表示的动作均未发生，反映说话人的态度。,Eg.Its(high)time that the children went/should go to bed,5、Its(high)time that clause从句中表示建议用过去式或should+V.但should不可省略。,返回,四、某些状语从句的虚拟语气。,1、as if/though 引导的方式状语从句
25、，与现在事实相反用过去式(be-were),与过去事实相反用过去完成式，与将来实现的可能性较小的情况用would+V.,Eg.She loves the boy as if he were her own.He spoke as if he had known it.He doesnt study hard as though he would pass the entrance examination.,2、in order that,so that 引导目的状语从句，常用 can/could,may/might表示虚拟，否定结构多用should+V.,注意：A：主句是现在时或祈使句，从句用
26、can或may.B：主句是过去时，从句用could/might.Eg.Bring it closer so that/in order that I can see it better.He came in quietly in order that/so that he should not wake up the baby.,3、if only 条件从句强调式，常省略结果主句，指不能实现的愿望，句末常用感叹号，意为“要是该多好啊！”用过去式表示与现在事实相反的愿望，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反的愿望。Eg.If only I were at your age!If only I had
27、come yesterday!,B,比较if only与only if only if 表示“只有”；I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.If only 也可用于陈述语气。If only he comes early.If only grandmother _ this together with us now.A.will see B.could see C.must see D.should see,6、在表示祝愿的句子中，谓动用原形表虚拟，有时实行倒装。,Eg,Even if he were my brother,I would not tru
28、st him.Even though he had studied hard,he would not have passed the exam.Even if he studied hard,he wont pass the exam.,Eg.Long live my motherland.(May)God bless you,young man.May our friendship last for ever and ever.,5、用在lest,for fear that和in case引导的状语从句中，这时谓语动词用should+动词原形或动词原形。She closed the win
29、dows lest she catch cold.,4、even if,even though.（即使、纵然），引导让步状语从句。（不管、尽管），主从句使用虚拟语气，与 if 条件句相同。,返回,1.Without electricity human life _ quite different today.A.is B.will be C.would have been D.would be,2.-If he _,he _ that food.-Luckily he was sent to hospital at once.A.was warned/would not take B.had
30、been warned/would not have taken C.would be warned/had not taken D.would have been warned/had not taken,3.I didnt see your sister at the meeting.If she _,she would have met my brother.A.has come B.did come C.came D.had come,4.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water,it looks as if it _.A.breaks B
31、.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken,C,D,5.You didnt let me drive.If we _ in turn,you _ so tired.A.drove/didnt get B.drove/wouldnt get C.were driving/wouldnt get D.had driven/wouldnt have got,6.Is it necessary that he _ the examination?A.takes B.has to take C.must take D.take,D,7.It was order
32、ed that no smoking _ in the library.A.should allow B.be allowed C.will be allowed D.is allowed,8.His suggestion that you _ once more sounds reasonable.A.try B.tries C.must try D.can try,9.We felt as if we _ each other for years.A.knew B.were knowing C.had known D.have knowing,10.He took away the oxy
33、gen tank for fear that it _.A.may explore B.exploded C.explode D.had explode,11.What would have happened,_ as far as the river bank?A.Bob had walked farther B.if Bob should walk fartherC.had Bob walked farther D.if Bob walked farther,12.If you _ him yesterday,you _ what to do now.A.asked would know
34、B.had asked would have known C.asked him know D.had asked would know,13.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water,it looks as if it.A.breaks B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken,14.You didnt let me drive.If we in turn,you so tired.A.drove;didnt get B.drove;wouldnt get C.were driving;wouldnt get D.had driven;wouldnt have got,15.Without the air to hold some of the suns heat,the earth at night,too cold for us to live.A.would be freezing cold B.will be freezing coldlyC.would be frozen cold D.can freeze coldly,
