《初中英语语法之介词讲解——英语中考专题复习.doc》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《初中英语语法之介词讲解——英语中考专题复习.doc(10页珍藏版)》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、介词 介词是一种虚词,它不能单独担任句子成分,必须与名词或代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句构成介词短语,才能担任句子成分。1、 介词的种类和介词短语的用法(1) 介词的种类介词由词形上可分为简单介词和短语介词。简单介词知识一个单词,如:in,on,after等。短语介词是由两个以上单词集合而成,如:out of,in front of,because of,instead of等。(2) 介词短语的用法 作定语介词短语作定语时,一律后置。The book on the desk in mine.桌子上的书是我的。He bought a house of five rooms.他买了一所有
2、五个房间的房子。A gentleman in white came into the hall.一个身穿白衣的绅士走进了大厅。 作状语介词短语作状语时,修饰动词、形容词、副词或者整个句子。Classes begin at eight.(修饰动词)八点钟开始上课。Jane looks young for her age.(修饰形容词)珍妮看起来比她的实际年龄年轻。The school is not far from my house.(修饰形容词)学校离我家不远。To my surprise, Li Ming passed the exam at all.(修饰全句)使我吃惊的是,李明居然考试及
3、格了。 作表语He is in danger.他处于危险之中。We are against/for you.我们反对/支持你。It was because of the heavy rain, we couldnt go out.因为这场大雨,我们出不去了。 作宾语补足语Make yourself at home.放松一些,就和在你自己家一样。We made him out of danger.我们使他脱离了危险。2、 表示时间的介词表示“时间”的介词如下: 表示年、月、日、时刻等用at,in,on 表示时间的前后用before,after 表示期限等用by,until,till 表示期间等用
4、for,during,through 表示时间的起点等用from,since 表示时间的经过等用in,within(1) at,on,inA. at:用于表示时刻、时间的某一点at lunch在午饭时 at breakfast早餐时 at noon正午时 at that time那时 at night在夜间 at the moment此刻,目前 at present目前 at nine(oclock)在九点钟 at first开始的时候,起初 at/on the weekend在周末 at last最后 at the same time同时 at times偶尔,有时 at the end o
5、f 1999在1999年末 at this time of(the)year在一年中的这个时候 We usually have lunch at noon/ at twelve.我们通常中午吃午饭(十二点吃午饭)注意:表示时间的名词前有this,last,next,every等修饰时,其前面不加介词。this morning今天早上;last Monday上周一;every week每周B. on用于表示某天,某一天的上、下午(指具体的某一时,一律用on)on Monday在周一on Tuesday morning在周二早上on June 6在6月6日on May 4,1996在1996年5月
6、4日on a cold night在一个寒冷的夜晚on that day在那天on Christmas Day在圣诞节那天on time准时on Monday evening在周一晚上on the night of July(the)first在七月一日的夜晚we didnt listen to the lecture on Wednesday afternoon.周三下午我们没去听演讲。C. in用于表示周、月、 季节、年和泛指的上午、下午、晚上(指在一段时间内)。in the week在这周 in the holiday在假期中 in May 在五月 in summer在夏季in Spri
7、ng在春季 in autumn 在秋季 in 1995在1995 in winter在冬季in September,1995在1995年9月in the morning在上午in the afternoon在下午in the evening在晚上in the 21st century在二十一世纪in time及时 in an hour一个小时后 in a minute一会儿,立刻Jack was about to lock the door when just in time he remembered his key.杰克正要锁门,忽然(正在那时他及时)想起了他要拿门钥匙。The plane
8、 took off on time.飞机准时起飞了。People go skating in winter.人们冬天去滑冰。Do they work in the day time or at night?他们是白天工作还是夜里工作?(2) before,after(注:两个既可以作介词又可以作连词)A before在之前Wash your hands before dinner.(before作介词)吃饭前请洗手。He will call me before he leaves here/before ten oclock.(前一个before作连词;后一个before作介词)他离开这儿之前
9、/十点之前,将给我打电话。B after在之后Lets sing some songs after school.(after作介词)放学后咱们唱歌吧!Please close the door after you leave the room.(after作连词)离开房间后请关门。(3) by,until/tillA. by 在前(时间);截止(到)How many English books had you read by the end of last year?到去年年底以前你看过多少本英文书?She had left by the time I arrived.我到时(之前)她已经走
10、了。例:by the end of在底(之前) by then 到那时 by the time+从句 在之前B. until/till知道为止(时间)we didnt begin to watch TV until/till nine oclock.一直到九点,我们才开始看电视。(begin是点动词,所以用否定式)I will wait for him until he comes here.我将在这儿一直等到他来。(4) for,during,throughA. for 达之久(表示经过了多少时间)可以和一般现在时、过去时、将来时连用,但经常和完成时连用。He has lived here
11、for 20 years.他在这儿已经住了二十年了。We will stay in the city for two days.我们要在这座城市呆两天。B. during在期间they are going to have a good rest during the summer holidays.暑假中他们打算好好休息一下。C. through一直(从开始到结束)They played the cards through the night.他们打了一整夜的牌。He stayed in London through the winter.他整个冬天都待在伦敦。比较:for和during。fo
12、r之后大多跟表示时间、具体天数等的数字名词。而during后决不能跟表数字的名词。(5) from,sinceA. from从起(时间)表示“从开始”时,一般都是用词组fromto,而单纯表示确切的“从几点开始”时用at。The meeting will be held from eight to ten.这个会议将从8点开到10点。The meeting will be held at eight.会议将从八点钟开始。B. since自从以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)I have been sick since yesterday.我从昨天起就病了。(强调一直病到现在)The do
13、ctor has saved a lot of lives since he became a doctor.(since作连词,引导时间状语从句)这个医生自从当医生以来已经拯救了许多人的生命。(6) in,withinA. in过后(未来时间)大多用在将来时(一般将来时和过去将来时)。in an hour一小时之后in a week or so大约一星期之后he will be back in five hours.他五小时之后回来。They said they would arrive here in a week.他们说他们一周后到达。注意:如果用于过去时,用after+时间。She w
14、ent to Nanjing last May,and she came back after a month.去年五月她去了南京,一个月之后她又回来了。B. within不超过的范围within 3 hours 3小时之内;within a week一周之内I must finish painting the cat within five minutes.我必须在五分钟之内画好这只猫。比较:within和in。within强调“在时间之内”,没有时态的限制。in是以现在为基础,in an hour是指从现在起一小时之后,所以in一般只用于将来时。3、 表示场所、方向的介词(1) 表示场所的
15、介词:at,in,on,under,by,near,between,around,opposite(2) 表示方向的介词:into,out of,along,across,through,up,past at,inA. at在某地(表示比较狭窄的场所)at school上学;at 2 Baker Street在贝克街2号;at home在家;stand at the door站在门边;at a factory在一家工厂;at the bottom of在下面;at the party在聚会上;at the back of在后边;at the end of在末尾;at the head of在排
16、头;at the table在桌旁;at Mikes house在迈克家;at table进餐;at the crossroads在十字路口;at work在上班;at the bus stop在公共汽车站;at the station在火车站;sit at my desk坐在我书桌旁Ill meet him at the Beijing railway station.我将去北京站接他。B. in在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)in Beijing在北京;in the world在世界上;in china在中国;in the street在街上;in bed躺在床上;in the yard在院子
17、里;in a book/newspaper在书上/报纸上;in the photo/picture在照片里/图画里;in the middle在中部;in a queue/line/row排队(在对、行、排里);in a country在国家(里);in the house在房子里His brother is in prison. He was arrested 2 years ago.他哥哥两年前被捕的,现在他再监狱中服刑。Mike works in the prison.迈克在这个监狱工作。She was born in China.她是在中国出生的。 on,above,over,unde
18、r,belowA. on在上面,有接触面。on the desk在桌子上面;on the map在地图上。There are two maps on the wall.墙上有两张地图。On在靠近的地方on the right在右边;on the screen在屏幕上;on the river在河边;on the farm在农场;on the floor在地板上;on the island/beach在岛上/海滨;on the pavement在人行道上B. above在上方Our plane flew above the clouds.我们的飞机在云端上飞行。C. over在正上方,是unde
19、r的反义词There is a light over Li Ming.李明的正上方有一盏灯。A few birds were flying over the sea.有几只鸟在海上飞。D. under在下面;在之内under the table桌子下面;under the jacket在夹克内The dog is under the table.这只狗在桌子下面。E. below在下方(不一定是正下方)正下方是under,below是above的反义词。There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water.水面下有许多各式各样的鱼。
20、near,byA. near近的,不远的near=not far,是far的反义词。Near还可以指时间,如:in the near future在不久的将来Is there a bus stop near here?这儿附近有公共汽车站吗?B. By在旁边,距离比near要近by the window在窗户旁边;by me在我旁边The boy is standing by the window.这个男孩正站在窗户旁边。 between,among,aroundA. between在两者之间my teacher is sitting between Tom and Mike.我们的老师正坐在
21、汤姆和迈克之间。Whats the difference between A and B?A和B之间有什么区别?B. among在三者或更多的之中There is a beautiful house among the trees.在树林之中有一间漂亮的房子。He is very popular among the students.他在学生之中很受欢迎(很出名)。C. around环绕,在周围,在四周We sat around the table.我们在桌子四周坐下来。The earth moves around the sun.地球围绕太阳转。 in front of,behind,opp
22、ositeA. in front of早的前面;在的前部There is a tree in front of the house.在房屋前面有一棵树。There is a big desk for the teacher in the front of the classroom.在教室的前部有一张大讲桌。B. behind在后面behind是in front of的反义词There is a tree behind my house.There is a tree at the back of my house.我家房子后面有一棵树。C. opposite在对面Our school is
23、opposite a university,我们学校在一所大学的对面。He stood opposite me.他站在我对面。 in,into,out of,upA. in在之内,用于表示静止的位置The students are in the classroom.学生们在教室里。B. into进入用于表示有特定终点的运动的方向。通常用于表示动作的动词之后,如:go,come,walk,run等。The students run into the classroom.学生们跑进教室。He jumped into the water.他跳入水中。C. out of和into一样,也表示有一定的运
24、动方向the students rushed out of the room.学生们冲出房间。重要:out of的基本含义:从到外面,离开;在范围之外;从(某个数)之中D. up移动The children climbed up the tree.孩子们爬上了树。 along,across,past,throughA. along沿着I was walking along the river when it began to rain.我正沿着河边散步,突然下起雨来了。B. across横过I often swim across the river.我常游泳横渡这条河。C. past经过Eve
25、ry day he runs past the city hall.他每天跑步经过市政府。D. through贯穿,通过The sun shone through the clouds.阳光穿过云层照射下来。The river was through the city.这条河穿过这个城市。 to,from,forA. to到达地点(目的地)或方向He came to Japan in 1980.他1980年来到日本。B. for表示目的地,“向”for表目的时,一般都是和固定动词搭配。leaver for动身去;start for出发去I will leaver for America nex
26、t week.下周我将动身去美国。C. from从地点起Its about ten minutes walk from here to the cinema.从这儿到电影院大约需步行十分钟。4、 其他介词(介词除了可以表示“时间”、“场所”以外,有些也可以表示“手段”、“材料”等。)(1) 表示手段和材料的介词with,in,by with A.和在一起Will you please go with me?你和我一起去好吗? B.具有、带有 He was a handsome boy with large bright eyes.他是有着一双明亮大眼睛的英俊男孩。 C.用某种工具或办法 Li
27、Li cut her hand with a knife.莉莉用刀把手指弄破了。 I see with my eyes.我用眼睛看。 He wrote the letter with a new pen.他用一只新钢笔写这封信。说明:“with(+形容词)+名词”构成的介词短语可以作定语,放在其所修饰名词的后面,表示名词的特征。With ones help在某人的帮助下Eg. With the teachers help I have made progress.在老师的帮助下,我取得了进步。 in表示用什么材料(如用墨水,铅笔等),或用什么语言,或者表示衣着、声调特点时,不用with,而用i
28、n。she wrote a letter in black ink.她用黑色的墨水写信。Dont write it in pencil but in ink.别用铅笔写,用钢笔(水)写。Can you speak in English?你能用英语说吗?比较:in和with用in,with表示工具或方法时,在译成中文时区别不大,但在英语上的用法却不大相同。用“with”时,后面的名词要加上冠词或代词。With my ears.用我的耳朵。With a pencil.用一只铅笔。用in时,后面加物质名词,不能加冠词。In ink用墨水(钢笔)in pencil用铅笔。 by通过方法、手段必背:“b
29、y+交通工具”的词组:by bicycle骑自行车;by train坐火车;by plane/by air坐飞机;by taxi坐出租车;by car坐小汽车;by ship坐船;by bus坐公共汽车(2) of,from of(属于)的;表示的数量或种类This is a map of china.这是一幅中国地图。Will you please give me a cup of tea?请您给我一杯茶好吗? From来自(某地、某人);以起始(时间或地点)Im from Nanjing.我是南京人。I have got a letter from my friend.我收到了一封我朋友的
30、来信。We work from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一到星期五上班。(3) Without,like,as without没有,是with的反义词。Man cant live without air and water.人类没有空气和水不能生存。I cant read the book without using a dictionary.不用字典,我看不了这本书。Please give me a cup of coffee with(without) milk.请给我一杯(不)加牛奶的咖啡。 like像一样Nancy is just like her mother.南
31、希和她的妈妈一样。注意:Nancy looks like her mother.(南希和她妈妈长得一样。)用look时,强调外表。 作为He is famous as a scientist here.他在此地作为一个科学家而闻名。They treated me as a hero.他们像对待英雄那样对待我。The room is dirty as usual.这房间像平时一样脏。(4) against,about against反对;靠着he is against the plan(Li Ming).他反对这个计划。(他反对李明)the teacher is standing against
32、 the blackboard.老师正靠着黑板站着。 about A.关于;各处;身旁 Tell me something about your life.告诉我你的生活情况。 He looked about himself.他向四处张望。 I have no money about/with me.我身上没带钱。 B询问某人/某物的情况或提出建议 What about your sister?你姐姐情况如何? How about going to the park?去公园怎么样?5、 介词短语介词和动词、形容词或名词相结合后,形成复合词,有特定的意思。如下:(1) 动词+介词(如:talk
33、about,look at)(2) Be动词+形容词+介词(如:be kind of)(3) 介词+名词(如:at home,on foot,in time) 动词+介词look up查看,查(字典);play with sth.玩某物(玩耍)Dont play with fire.别玩火。think of想起,想到;hear from sb.收到某人的信;talk about sth.谈论某事;talk to/with sb.和某人谈论;look at注视;listen to倾听;call on sb.拜访某人;arrive at/in 到达;take care of照顾;wait for等
34、待;look for寻找。addto 加到上 agree with 同意(某人)arrive at(in) 到达 ask for 询问beginwith 从开始 believe in 相信break into 闯入 break off 打断break out 爆发 bring down 降低bring in 引进 bring up 教育,培养build up 建起 burn down 烧光call back 回电话 call for 要求约请call in 召来 call on 拜访 访问care for 喜欢 carry on 继续开展carry out 实行开展 check out 查明
35、结帐clear up 整理,收拾 come about 发生,产生come across (偶然)遇见 come out 出来come to 共计 达到 comparewith 与比较compare to 比作 cut off 切断date from 始于 depend on 依靠devote to 献于 die out 灭亡divide up 分配 dream of 梦想fall off 下降 fall over 跌倒feed on 以为食 get down to 专心于get through 通过 give in 让步,屈服give out 分发 give up 放弃go abroad 出
36、国 go against 反对go on with 继续 go through 浏览grow up 生长 hand down 传下来hear about 听说 hold out 伸出join up 连接起来 keep off 让开,不接近keep on 继续 lead to 导致live on 靠为生 look down upon 看不起look forward to 盼望 look into 调查look out 当心 look(a) round 仔细查看set off 动身 set up 建立show off 炫耀 shut up 住口speed up 加速 stand for 代表,象征
37、stick to 坚持 suffer from 遭受talk of 谈论 think of 考虑,想起try out 试验 turn down 调低turn off 关掉 worry about 担心 Be动词+形容词+介词be kind to对(某人)亲切;be good at在做得好;擅长于be late for迟到;be afraid of害怕;be sorry for sth.为抱歉;be absent from缺席;be proud of以为自豪;be found of 喜欢 be full of 充满be interested in 对有兴趣 be keen on 热衷于be co
38、nfident in 对有信心 be short of 缺乏be sick of 厌恶 be proud of 对感到骄傲be loyal to 对忠诚 be ashamed of 为感到羞耻be worried about 为担心 be aware of 意识到be busy with 忙于(某事) be different from 和不同be famous for 因而出名 介词+名词1)英语中有大量成语由介词构成,单是一些常用介词就可构成大量成语:at:at a stretch 一连,连续地 at a time 一次,每次at ease 稍息,安心 at first sight 一见(
39、钟情)at first 最初,开始时 at heart 在内心at home 在家,随便 at last 最后at least 至少 at length 最后,详细地at most 至多 at once 立即,同时at peace(war) 处于和平(战争)状态 at play(work) 在玩耍(工作)at present 现在,目前 at random 随意地,胡乱地at the risk of 冒的风险 at the same time (与此)同时at the start 一开头 at the time 此刻,这时at times 有时候 at will 任意地by:by accide
40、nt 偶然 by air 航空by all means 想一切办法 by bus (plane, etc) 坐巴士(飞机等)by chance 偶然 by cheque 用支票by choice 出于自愿 by daylight 在大白天by day(night) 白天(夜间) by force 靠武力by mistake 错误地,误把 by turns 轮流by surprise 突然,出其不意 by the way 顺便说一句in:in a sense 从某种意义上说 in addition(to) 此外(除之外)in advance 事前 in all 总共in any case (ev
41、ent) 不管怎样,反正 in brief 简而言之in case 要是,如果 in case of 在情况下in comparison 比较起来 in danger 处于危险中in debt 负债 in demand 有需求in detail 详细地 in fact 实际上in general 一般说来 in ones opinion 在(某人)看来in order to (that) 以便,为了 in other words 换句话说in part(s) 部分地 in person 亲自in practice 实际上 in public(private) 公开(私下)地in regard
42、to 关于 in short 总之in the end 最后 in the middle of 在中间in time 及时地,经过一段时间in vain 白白地,没有结果on:on account of 由于 on behalf of 代表(某人)on board 在船(飞机)上 on condition 在条件下on duty 值班 on fire 着火on foot 步行 on guard 有警惕,值班on hand 在身边 on holiday 在休假on purpose 故意地 on sale 在出售on strike 罢工 on the contrary 相反on the way 在
43、路上 on time 准时on the top of 在上面 on the run 正在逃窜out of:out of action 失灵 out of breath 气喘吁吁out of control 失去控制 out of danger 脱离危险out of doors 在户外 out of fashion 不时新out of hand 失去控制 out of order 坏了out of reach 无法得到(拿到) out of sight 看不见out of temper 发脾气 out of question 不可能out of touch(with) 和失去联系out of tune 走调out of use 不再使用 out of work 失业2)有些介词夹在名词之间构成成语: