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1、中国土壤分类系统,1998年由全国第二次土壤普查办公室为汇总拟订高级分类自上而下是:土纲、亚纲、土类、亚类；低级分类自上而下是:土属、土种和变种中国土壤分类与代码:GB/T17296-2009,中国土壤分类系统,高级分类等级上的土壤分类单元包括了较多的土壤个体，个体之间的性质差异大；低层次分类等级上的分类单元则包括了较少的土壤个体，并且个体之间的相似程度高,中国土壤分类系统,分类原则：中国土壤分类系统的原则主要是以土壤发生演变为基础，从成土条件和中心概念着手，以典型土壤和生物气候条件来判断土壤类型。级别：中国土壤分类系统共分七级，其中土纲、亚纲、土类、亚类属于高级分类单元，土属、土种和亚种属于
2、基层分类单元。在高级分类中，土类为基本单元，而土种则作为基层分类的基本单元。各级别划分的依据：土纲(soil order)某些土类共性的归纳，是根据土壤成土过程的共同特点及土壤属性的某些共有特性来划分的。亚纲(suborder)同一土纲范围内，根据土壤所处水热条件差异所形成的土壤属性的重大差异来划分的。土类(soil great group)依据成土条件、成土过程与发生属性的共同性划分的。土类之间在成土条件、成土过程和土壤性状剖面有明显的差异。亚类(subgroup)同一土类范围内的划分。一个土类中，有代表土类概念的典型亚类，也有表示由一个土类向另一土类过渡的亚类。它是根据主要成土过程以外的附
3、加的成土过程来划分的。这一级分类单元上的土壤改良利用的情况基本一致。土属(soil genus)是由高级分类单元基层分类单元过渡的一个中级分类单元。主要是根据地方性因素如成土母质类型、水文地质状况以及人为活动等来划分的。土种(soil species)土壤分类系统中的基层分类单元，它处于相同或相似景观部位，其剖面形态特征在数量上基本一致。同一土种的宜耕性、适种性及限制性因子基本一致。亚种(subspecies)原称变种，是在同一土种范围内，根据土壤表层的某些差异来划分的。命名：采用连续命名和分级命名相结合的方法。土纲和亚纲为一段，以土纲为基础，在土纲的前面叠加形容词或副词构成亚纲名称，亚纲名称
4、为连续命名法。土类和亚类为一段，以土类名称为基础，加形容词或副词前缀构成亚类名称，也属连续命名法。土属、土种和亚种均不能自成一段，必须与它的上一级分类单元连用。本文来自:林学苑网()详细出处请参考：http:/=2451,中国土壤分类系统,分类原则：中国土壤分类系统的原则主要是以土壤发生演变为基础，从成土条件和中心概念着手，以典型土壤和生物气候条件来判断土壤类型。级别：中国土壤分类系统共分七级，其中土纲、亚纲、土类、亚类属于高级分类单元，土属、土种和亚种属于基层分类单元。在高级分类中，土类为基本单元，而土种则作为基层分类的基本单元。各级别划分的依据：土纲(soil order)某些土类共性的归
5、纳，是根据土壤成土过程的共同特点及土壤属性的某些共有特性来划分的。亚纲(suborder)同一土纲范围内，根据土壤所处水热条件差异所形成的土壤属性的重大差异来划分的。土类(soil great group)依据成土条件、成土过程与发生属性的共同性划分的。土类之间在成土条件、成土过程和土壤性状剖面有明显的差异。亚类(subgroup)同一土类范围内的划分。一个土类中，有代表土类概念的典型亚类，也有表示由一个土类向另一土类过渡的亚类。它是根据主要成土过程以外的附加的成土过程来划分的。这一级分类单元上的土壤改良利用的情况基本一致。土属(soil genus)是由高级分类单元基层分类单元过渡的一个中级
6、分类单元。主要是根据地方性因素如成土母质类型、水文地质状况以及人为活动等来划分的。土种(soil species)土壤分类系统中的基层分类单元，它处于相同或相似景观部位，其剖面形态特征在数量上基本一致。同一土种的宜耕性、适种性及限制性因子基本一致。亚种(subspecies)原称变种，是在同一土种范围内，根据土壤表层的某些差异来划分的。命名：采用连续命名和分级命名相结合的方法。土纲和亚纲为一段，以土纲为基础，在土纲的前面叠加形容词或副词构成亚纲名称，亚纲名称为连续命名法。土类和亚类为一段，以土类名称为基础，加形容词或副词前缀构成亚类名称，也属连续命名法。土属、土种和亚种均不能自成一段，必须与它
7、的上一级分类单元连用。本文来自:林学苑网()详细出处请参考：http:/=2451,土纲,铁铝土纲淋溶土纲半淋溶土钙层土 干旱土漠土初育土半水成土水成土盐碱土 人为土高山土,soil orders(土纲),Totally 11 orders(Three groups of soil orders).The largest group includes seven orders(类)with well-developed horizons or fully weathered minerals A second group includes a single soil order that is
8、 very rich in organic matter The last group includes three soil orders with poorly developed horizons or no horizons,Oxisols（氧化土）,Oxisols 氧化土(热带地区高度风化和淋溶的土壤)in equatorial,tropical,and subtropical zones on land surfaces have been stable over long periods of timeusually lack distinct horizons,Oxisols（
9、氧化土）,are dominated by stable sesquioxides(三氧化二物)of aluminum and iron.are red,yellow,and yellowish-brown colors are normal,Oxisol（氧化土）,Ultisols（老成土）,Ultisols(老成土(高度风化和淋溶的一种黄色至红色的土壤)Developed in EquatorialTropical Subtropical,Ultisols老成土,Have been stable over long periods of timeDeveloped in WarmMoist
10、Have clay accumulation,Ultisols（老成土）,are quite closely related to the Oxisols in outward appearance and environment of origin.Ultisols are reddish to yellowish in color,Ultisol profile,Vertisols(变性土),Developed on certain rock typesDeveloped in wet-dry climateDeveloped under grassland,Vertisols(变性土),
11、Vertisols stand in sharp contrast to the Oxisols and Ultisols Vertisols are black in color Vertisols have a high clay content,Vertisols(变性土),Much of the clay shrinks and swells greatly with seasonal changes in soil water content Wide,deep vertical cracks develop in the soil during the dry season,Alf
12、isols(淋溶土),The Alfisols Have Horizons of eluviation and illuviation of clay,Alfisols(淋溶土),are soils characterized by an argillic(白粘土)horizon produced by illuviation(淀积)The distribution of Alfisols is extremely wide in latitude,Spodosols(灰土),formed in the cold climate Under cold needleleaf forests.ha
13、ve a unique property-a B horizon have a light-clored horizon of eluviation and dense horizon of illuvation,Spodosols(灰土),SpodosolsSpodosols are strongly acidlow in plant nutrients,such as calcium and magnesium,and low in humus.,Histosols(有机土),Histosols This unique soil order has a very high content
14、of organic matter in a thick,dark upper layer They have formed in shallow lakes and ponds by accumulation of partially decayed plant matter.,Histosols(有机土),Entisols(新成土),Entisols have the combination of a mineral soil the absence of distinct horizons,Inceptisols(始成土),Inceptisols are soils with horiz
15、ons that are weakly developedthe soil is quite young,Andisols,Andisols are more than half of the parent mineral matter is volcanic ash The fine ash particles are glasslike shards(碎片).Andisols do not appear well in our world,Mollisols(软土),Mollisolsare soils of grasslands are unique in having a very t
16、hick,dark brown to black surface horizon,Mollisot(软土),Aridisols(旱成土),Aridisols characterize the desert climatethey are low in organic matter and high in salts.,Aridisols旱成土,Tundra(冰沼土)Soils,Tundra Soilssoils with weakly developed horizons formed largely of primary minerals ranging in size from silt
17、to clay that are broken down by frost action and glacial grinding.(冻结和冰川的擦磨),Soil orders take“sol”as postfix(字尾),Story for soil,CRIMINAL CASES SOLVED USING EARTH MATERIALS,The Federal Bureau of Investigations(FBI)has collected and studied soil samples,minerals for criminal investigations since 1935
18、thousands of cases involving Earth materials are studied in the United States each year,Throughout the world soil is usually collected at crime scenesworld soil is routinely studied at crime labsworld soil is often used as physical evidence during crime trials.,CRIMINAL CASES SOLVED USING EARTH MATE
19、RIALS,A story,A crime had been committed in the foothills(小丘）of the Rocky Mountains,near Denver,Colorado.One month later a burning vehicle was found at a dump in New Jersey(on the East Coast of the United States).Soil samples were taken from the fender（挡泥板）of the burning car were studied,Analyses of
20、 the soil samples showed there were four layers of soil that had built up under the burning cars fender.（挡泥板）The outer,recently deposited layer of soil was from the New Jersey dumpsite.The three inner layers of soil contained minerals from the Rocky Mountain Front area near Denver,Colorado,A story,G
21、eologists obtained 360 soil samples from the Rocky Mountain Front area near Denver,Coloradocompare them with those found under the fender of the burning car in New Jersey.,A story,Soil samples were also taken from the victims ranch（大农场）One of the three inner layers of soil under the suspects cars fe
22、nder matched the soil sample at the crime scene,A story,The second inner layer of soil matched the soil sample obtained at the victims ranch(牧场),A story,The first inner layer of soil did not match any of the 360 soil samples taken from the Rocky Mountain Front area near Denver,ColoradoThe suspect wa
23、s convicted and jailed based upon the results using soil sample comparisons,A story,Another Story,tobacco was reported stolen from a farm Soil samples were taken from the farm where the tobacco had been stolensamples were also taken from the leaves of the stolen tobacco and from the suspects farm.,A
24、nother Story,soil on the stolen tobacco leaves did not match the soil samples taken from the suspects farm but matched soil samples taken from the farm where the tobacco was reported stolen.The suspect was arrested based upon the resulting soil sample comparisons,Soil Software,CLUES:Computer-based L
25、earning in Land Use and Envrionmental Sciences Soil Science and ManagementEROSION-3D:Soil Erosion Model InfoEUROSEM:The European Soil Erosion ModelFAO-AGLS:Tools and SoftwareFAOSOIL.HLP-FAO Soil Classification Programme,Soil Software,Identikit:Expert System for Acid Sulphate SoilsNAL:Soil/Plant/Wate
26、r-related SoftwareName That Soil:Identify and Name Soils by the FAO classification(with USDA translation)NRCS:Environmental&Economic Models pcSITES:FREE set of software tools designed for developing,managing and interrogating soil databases,Soil Software,PEDON Description Program:USDA Natural Resour
27、ces Conservation ServiceSDE:Soil Depletion Estimates ModelSoils Explorer:FREE Software from the USDA-NRCS(for the States only)Soil Physics SoftwareSPAW:FREE Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Water ModelSoilVision:Database software system for the estimation and management of soil-water properties,Soil Software,T
28、AEX:Texas Agricultural Extension Service Software CatalogueUnsatflow-Desktop Utility to Deal with Elementary Soil Hydrologic ProcessesUSDA Soil Texture Auto Lookup-FREE Software from Christopher Teh Boon Sung,Soil Software,WaterMod-soil water dynamics in agricultural and environmental systemsWEPP:Wa
29、ter Erosion Prediction ProgramWWW-Server for Ecological Modelling,Soil Software,CLUES:Computer-based Learning in Land Use and Envrionmental Sciences Soil Science and ManagementEROSION-3D:Soil Erosion Model InfoEUROSEM:The European Soil Erosion ModelFAO-AGLS:Tools and SoftwareFAOSOIL.HLP-FAO Soil Cla
30、ssification Programme,Soil Software,Identikit:Expert System for Acid Sulphate SoilsNAL:Soil/Plant/Water-related SoftwareName That Soil:Identify and Name Soils by the FAO classification(with USDA translation)NRCS:Environmental&Economic Models pcSITES:FREE set of software tools designed for developing
31、,managing and interrogating soil databases,Soil Software,PEDON Description Program:USDA Natural Resources Conservation ServiceSDE:Soil Depletion Estimates ModelSoils Explorer:FREE Software from the USDA-NRCS(for the States only)Soil Physics SoftwareSPAW:FREE Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Water ModelSoilVisi
32、on:Database software system for the estimation and management of soil-water properties,Soil Software,TAEX:Texas Agricultural Extension Service Software CatalogueUnsatflow-Desktop Utility to Deal with Elementary Soil Hydrologic ProcessesUSDA Soil Texture Auto Lookup-FREE Software from Christopher Teh Boon Sung,作业,请找到“中国土壤系统分类”方案用树形方法表达上述方案中的土壤类型中国土壤数据库,
