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1、Morphological Structure of English Words,Morphemes,Morpheme:the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.friend/friendly/friendlinessMorph:the smallest sequence of phonological units into which words are divided in an analysis of morphemes.friend
2、/frend/,friendly/frend/+/li/,friendliness/frend/+/li/+/nis/Allomorphs:any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.books/s/,bags/z/,matches/iz/worked/t/,tried/d/,wanted/id/,Classification of Morphemes,Free morphemes and bound morphemes:Free morpheme:morpheme
3、that can be uttered alone with meaning.Bound morpheme:A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance;it must appear with at least one other morpheme,free or bound.,Roots and affixes:Roots:A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word,and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the
4、word.Free roots:Bound roots:tain as in contain,detain,retaindict as in predict,contradict,Affixes:Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.Inflectional affixes and derivational affixes:Inflectional affixes:Inflectional affixes serve to
5、 express such meanings as plurality,tense,and the comparative or superlative degree.It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word.Nor does it change the word-class of the word to which it is affixed.Inflectional affixes include:the plural marker(s,es,en,etc.)t
6、he genitive case(s)the verbal endings(s,ing,ed,etc.)the comparative and the superlative degrees(er,est),Derivational affixes:Definition:When derivational affixes are added to another morpheme,they derive a new word.Features:Many derivational affixes have a specific lexical meaning,e.g.mono-,inter-,a
7、nti-,etc.Quite a number of derivational affixes have more than one meaning,e.g.over-(overhead,overwork).Derivational affixes have not only independent lexical meaning but also affective meaning,e.g.mis-,mal-,pseudo-,etc.,Classification of derivational affixes:According to position:Prefixes:affixes b
8、efore the wordSuffixes:affixes after the wordAccording to linguistic origin:Native affixes:those that existed in English in the OE period or were formed from OE words,e.g.un-,mis-,over-,-ness,-hood,etc.Foreign affixes:Foreign affixes came as a part of loan words from Latin,Greek,French,or other lang
9、uages,e.g.bi-,dis-,re-,mal-,-ism,etc.According to productivity:Productive(living):those that can be used to form new words.Unproductive(dead):those that are no longer used to form new words,e.g.with-as in withdraw,withhold;-ant as in servant,etc.,Classification of English Words,By origin:Native word
10、s:words of Anglo-Saxon origin.Loan words:words borrowed from other languages.By notion:Function words:Function words do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own;they serve grammatically more than anything else.They include determiners,conjunctions,prepositi
11、ons and auxiliaries.Content words:Content words are used to name objects,qualities,actions,processes or states,and have independent lexical meaning.They include nouns,verbs,adjectives and adverbs.,By use frequency:The basic word stock:Definition:The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabula
12、ry accumulated over a number of epochs and forms the common core of the language.Features:National characterStabilityWord-forming ability:football,footpath,footprintAbility to form collocations:a heart of gold,at heart,break ones heart,heart and soul,with all ones heartThe non-basic word stock:,By l
13、evel of usage:Common words:words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life.Tom went to bed early because he felt tired.Literary words:words chiefly used in writing,especially in books written in a more elevated style,in official document,or in formal speeches.Feelin
14、g fatigued,Tom retired early.Colloquial words:Colloquial words are used mainly in spoken English,as in conversation among friends and colleagues.Tom felt so dog-tired he hit the sack early.Slang words:Slang is language,words or phrases of a vigorous,colorful,facetious,or taboo nature,invented for sp
15、ecific occasions,or uses,or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary.elevated,comfortable,paralyzed(drunk)Technical words:words used in various special fields,e.g.penicillin,symphony.,By morphological structure:Simple words:those consisting of a single morpheme.Derived words(complex words):those which are the result of a derivational process.Compound words:those which are composed of two or more free morphemes.,
