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1、英汉翻译技巧,主编：钟书能教授,第8章英汉翻译中的视角转移Shift of Perspective in E-CTranslation,一、概述,我们经常会说这样的话“换个角度看问题”、“设身处地”。从哲学角度来看，一个事物有许多方面，事物之间的关系也是多方面、多维度的。事物都是相互联系、相互作用的。事物之间的主客、主次关系也可以转换。这是我们多角度、多视角看问题的哲学基础。语言也是多角度的。我们经常用不同的说法表达相同或者相近的意思。比如我们可以说“他这个人很好”，也可以说“他这个人不错”或“他这个人不赖”。我们可以说“他坐着飞机去上海”，也可以说“飞机载着他到了上海”。我们可以说“窗打不开
2、了”，也可以说“我打不开这扇窗”。我们可以说“They stayed together for the rest of their life because they love each other”，也可以说“Their love made them stay together all their life”。既然人类可以多角度地使用语言进行表达，在翻译时我们也要学会多角度地思考问题。碰到难点或陷入僵局时，不妨换个角度来看，说不定就可以找到更合适或更精彩的翻译手法。这就是我们所说的翻译中的视角转移。具体来说，我们可以从以下几个方面来考虑英汉翻译中视角的转移。,第一，主体的转移。几个事物联系在
3、一起时有主客、主次之分，这也就是主体转换的基础。中英文之间有巨大的差异，有时在英文里习惯做主体的事物在中文里很少做主语。如果照原样翻译就会产生问题。这个时候就要转换主体。第二，空间视角的转移。空间有前后、内外、大小之分。在这些方面，我们习惯的说法与外国人的说法可能不同。比如说英语中有“I am sitting in front of a bottle of beer”如果直译则成为“我坐在一瓶啤酒前”。但我们不习惯这样说，我们习惯的说法是，“我面前放着一瓶啤酒。”,第三，时间视角的转移。时间有先后之分。同一件事发生的时机可以从前往后看，也可以从后往前看。这是时间视角转移的基础。比如这样一个句子
4、“Ten days passed before he could move his leg.”如果直译就成为“他的腿能动之前过了十天。”但汉语里我们不习惯这么说，我们习惯的说法是“十天后，他的腿才能动。”,第四，正反视角的转移。正反视角的转移是视角转移的一种重要方式。英语和汉语都有大量用正反两种形式表达相同意思的现象，这为我们实现正反视角的转移奠定了坚实基础。比如这样一句话“He would say no more”，如果采用否定的方法翻译，可以翻译成“他不肯再多说了”，如果用肯定的说法，可以翻译成“他只肯说到这里”。当然，这只是视角转移的几种方式。有句诗说得好，“横看成岭侧成峰”，只要我们留
5、心，可以说视角的转移在翻译中无处不在，转移的方式也是千变万化的。如果我们能恰当地使用视角转移的方法，必将给译文增色不少。,二、翻译示例,1.主体的转移,主体的转移是视角转移中最常见的一种。从语法角度看，它表现为主语的更改，进而引起句子结构的更改。英语和汉语在选择主语方面的差异非常巨大。比如说汉语倾向于选择有生命的生命体作为主语，而英语在使用生命体作主语的同时也经常采用无生命体作主语。比如下面这个俚语“Walls have ears”，汉语翻译成“隔墙有耳”。乍看很相似，但二者的语法差异是巨大的，英文中是以“walls”作为主语，采用拟人的方式表达。汉语则是采取了“有”（相当于英文的there
6、be句型）这种句子结构。英语是说墙长了耳朵，汉语则是说墙的另一边有人在偷听，二者的主体是断然不同的。当然，主体转移的情况不限于这一种情况，而是一种非常普遍的现象。下面几个例子都是主体转移的范例：,(1)I felt that life was passing me by.,译文 我感觉自己在虚度光阴。,译文 我并无贬低商业的意思，我只是觉得自己不适合做生意。,(2)Now I do not for a moment mean to disparage business.My whole point is that it was not for me.,译文随着家里的经济状况好转，不再需要我的资
7、助，我就辞去了工作。,(3)The family being once more solvent,and my help no longer necessary,I resigned from my position.,在以上几个例子中，译文的主体都不同于原文的主体，均发生了主体的转移。比如例（1）中主体本来是“life”，译文转换为“自己”；例（2）中原文说“it was not for me”，即“生意不适合我”，译文中转换为“我不适合做生意”；等等。可以这样说，在英汉翻译中，主体转移的例子比比皆是，堪称一种普遍现象。,(1)Stay in.,译文 呆在家里。/别出去。/别出门。,2.空间
8、视角的转移,空间视角的转移也是很常见的。内与外，上与下，高与低，前与后是常见的空间关系。比如这个短语“stay out of trouble”，这里的trouble似乎是一个地域范围，人作为个体要呆在这个范围之外。当然，翻译成汉语绝不能是“呆在麻烦外面”，我们会翻译成“别惹麻烦”或者“别找麻烦”。又比如“stay out of my sight”，这个句子就有一个明显的空间范围“my sight”，意即警告对方不要进入自己的视线。翻译成中文也不能是“呆在我的视线之外”，而应该是“别让我看到你”。下面是几个空间视角转移的例子：,(2)Up to the neck in debts.,译文 债台高
9、累。,(3)Out of sight,out of mind,译文 眼不见，心不烦。,3.时间视角的转移,与空间视角转移一样，时间视角也可以灵活地进行转移。时间的前或后是我们可以灵活调整变换的关系。在英文中，这一类的句子通常靠before，since等词连接起来。,(4)Close the window and keep the rain out.,译文 关上窗，别让雨进来了。,从这几个例子看出，内与外，上与下，高与低，前与后这些空间关系在英汉翻译中都可以灵活地进行转换。“Stay in”可以翻译成“不出门”；“out of sight”可以翻译成“眼不见”；“keep the rain ou
10、t”可以翻译成“别让雨进来了”。在翻译中，灵活地进行空间视角转移可以让翻译的思路更为宽广，译文更为灵活多样。,(1)It was not long before he died.,译文 过了不久，他就死了。,(4)You have to ask for his consultation before you make any decision.,译文 必须咨询他之后才能做出决定。/做决定前，一定要咨询他的意见。,(2)It has been one year since I last smoked.,译文 一年前，我戒了烟。/我戒烟已经一年了。,(3)This is well out of t
11、he line of traffic and it was three years before any ship sighted the castaways.,译文 这里远离航线，过了三年，过往船只才发现这群流落荒岛的人。,从以上几个例子我们可以看出，时间的前与后取决于我们看问题的视角。同样一件事情，你可以从不同的时间角度来看。比如“It has been one year since I last smoked.”，我们既可以站在过去的角度看，把它翻译成“一年前，我戒了烟”；也可以站在现在的角度看过去，翻译成“我戒烟已经一年了”。又比如例（4）两种不同的翻译，“必须咨询他之后才能做出决定”
12、与“做决定前，一定要咨询他的意见。”二者虽然在意思上没有差别，但拥有不同的句法结构和句法特征，可以给译文带来不同的风格。,4.正反视角的转移,(2)The villagers found themselves vulnerable to the process of industrialization.,译文 村民们发现自己无力抵挡工业化的进程。,在英汉翻译过程中，由于两种语言习惯的不同，经常需要把英语中的正说译成汉语中的反说，或把英语中的反说译成汉语中的正说。这样才能确切表达原意并符合目标语的规范。这种翻译方法就是依靠了正反视角的转移。请看以下的几个例子。,(1)Office area,st
13、aff only.,译文 办公区域，闲人免进。,(3)This problem is quite above me.,译文 这个问题难住了我。/这个问题我不懂。,从根本来说，是逻辑习惯和语言习惯决定了在翻译中是否应该采取正反视角转移的方法。比如英文中的“staff only”，如果直译则成为“员工专用”或“只有员工能进入”。我们采取“闲人免进”来翻译它，一方面是为了形成四字格；另一方面它采取否定说法，口气更为严厉。从以上的几个示例可以看出，正反视角的转移不只是给我们提供了一种翻译的技巧，更为我们提供了一种在翻译中逆向思维的方法。,5.综合示例分析,(1)By the time I reache
14、d Stanislau,all the people were gone,too.,分析 在翻译时由于中英两种语言和民族思维方式不同，我们经常按照译 语的思维方式或表达习惯重新组织原句的信息，从与原语不同的角 度来表达同样意思。例子中采用了人称视角，原译的视角没有变化，而试译则将all the people换成了“此地”，这便是从物称视角到人 称视角的转换。这里的“人称视角”不是语法上的第一、二、三人 称的意思，而是以“人”为切入点的表述视角；与之相对的“物称 视角”则指表述时以“物”或“事”为着眼点。采用了物化视角的 转换，可以与前一部分“我抵达斯丹尼斯劳时”的地方对应，使句 子前后意思更加
15、一致。,原译 我抵达斯丹尼斯劳时，所有人都已经走了。试译 我抵达斯丹尼斯劳时，此地已经成为空城了。,(2)The new century is upon us.,试译 我们即将迎来新世纪。,分析 英语重客观，汉语重主观，把英语翻译成汉语时需要进行调整，如 果翻译成“新世纪来到我们身边”就没有“我们即将迎来新世纪”符合汉语表达习惯。,试译 我啜吸三口就喝光了，不过咖啡的香浓温暖我却至今难忘。,分析 after three sips it was gone 直译成汉语就是：喝了三口，咖啡就一 点不剩了。这样的译文“忠实”于原文，但是和后面的句子不够连 贯和流畅。试译使用视角转移的翻译技巧，就更符合
16、汉语的表达习惯。,(3)After three sips it was gone,but I could still feel its warmth and energy.,(4)Being a writer had been far from my expectations;being a best-selling author was almost unfathomable.,试译 我根本没有料到过自己能成为一名作家，更不敢想象自己能成为 一位畅销书作者。,分析 翻译上例原文，我们有不同的视角选择。（1）成为一名作家曾 远远超出我的期待，成为一名畅销书作者几乎更是不可触及的（梦想）。（2）
17、我根本没有料到过自己能成为一名作家，更不敢 想象自己能成为一位畅销书作者。,三、英语语篇汉译,The Beauty of Britainby J.B.Priestley英 伦 之 美,The beauty of our countryor at least all of it south of the Highlandsis as hard to define as it is easy to enjoy.Remembering other and larger countries,we see at once that one of its charms is that it is imme
18、nsely varied within a small compass.We have here no vast mountain ranges,no illimitable plains,no leagues of forests,and are deprived of the grandeur that may accompany these things.But we have superb variety.A great deal of everything is packed into little space.I suspect that we are always faintly
19、 conscious of the fact that this is a smallish island,with the sea always round the corner.We know that everything has to be neatly packed into a small space.Nature,we feel,has carefully adjusted thingsmountains,plains,rivers,lakesto the scale of the island itself.A mountain 12,000 feet high would b
20、e a horrible monster here,as wrong as a plain 400 miles long,a river as broad as the Mississippi.In America the whole scale is too big,except for aviators.There is always too much of everything.There you find yourself in a region that is all mountains,then in another region that is merely part of on
21、e colossal plain.You can spend a long,hard day in the Rockies simply traveling up or down one valley.You can wander across prairie country that has the desolating immensity of the ocean.Everything is too big;there is too much of it.,英伦之美，至少在高地以南区域的美，难以定义却易于领略。跟其他较大的国家相比，英国的魅力在于它范围虽小，变化却多。它没有连绵的山麓，广袤
22、的平原，成片的森林，也就自然缺失了伴随这些景色的宏大壮观的感觉。但它的多样性是一流的。小小的空间内集中了各种景色。我们大概都隐约知道，它是一个小岛，海水总围绕在旁边。各种事物要细致安排，才能放得下。造物似乎是按照这座岛的大小调整了山川河湖的尺寸。在这里，海拔12,000的大山将会是庞然大物，绵延四百里的平原将不可思议，宽阔如密西西比的河流也是难以想象的。在美国，一切都显得太大。当然，飞行员可能不这么想。一切都太多太大了。有一些地方尽是大山，而一些地方则只是大平原的一部分。你在洛基山脉走上一整天，可能还没有走出一条山谷。你也可以在浩瀚如海的北美大草原上漫步。一切都太大了，一切都有过分之嫌。,Th
23、ough the geographical features of this island are comparatively small,and there is astonishing variety almost everywhere,that does not mean that our mountains are not mountains,our plains not plains.Consider that piece of luck of ours,the Lake District.You can climb with easeas I have done many a ti
24、meseveral of its mountains in one day.Nevertheless,you feel that they are mountains and not mere hillsas a correspondent pointed out in the Times recently.This same correspondent told a story that proves my point.A party of climbers imported a Swiss guide into the Lake District,and on the first morn
25、ing,surveying the misty,jagged peaks before him,he pointed to a ledge about two thirds of the way up one of them and suggested that the party should spend the night there.He did not know that that ledge was only an hour or twos journey away and that before the light went they would probably have con
26、quered two or three of these peaks.He had not realized the scale of the country.He did not know that he was looking at mountains in miniature.What he did know was that he was certainly looking at mountains,and he was right,for these peaks,some of them less than 3,000 feet high,have all the air of gr
27、eat mountains,like those in the Snowdon country,with their grim slaty faces.,尽管英国的地域小且每个地方都有多种地貌，但这并不意味着我们的山就不是山，平原就不算平原。就拿我们的宝地之一湖区来说吧。湖区的山你一天可以爬上几座，我就亲自体验过许多次。但正如一位记者在泰晤士报所说过的，你仍会觉得它是山而不是小山包。这位记者还写过一个故事，可以证明我的观点。一群登山客带了一位瑞士导游到了湖区。头天早上，这位导游观察了面前雾气苍茫的山峰，然后指向一个距离他们还有三分之二路程的山头，建议大家晚上在那里过夜。他还不知道，那座山头离他
28、们只有一两小时的路程。天黑之前，他们将至少可以翻过两三座这样的山头。他并未发觉，眼前的山是缩小版的。可以肯定的是，他感觉自己面前的是山。他的感觉没错，因为这里的山峰，即使只有三千英尺高，也有大山的雄伟风范，可以媲美板岩山体的斯诺登山。,My own favorite country,perhaps because I knew it as a boy,is that of the Yorkshire Dales.For variety of landscape,these Dales cannot be matched on this island or anywhere else.A day
29、s walk among them will give you almost everything fit to be seen on this earth.Within a few hours,you have enjoyed the green valleys,with their rivers,fine old bridges,pleasant villages,hanging woods,smooth fields;and then the moorland slopes,with their rushing streams,stone walls,salty winds and cr
30、ying curlews,white farmhouses;and then the lonely heights,which seem to be miles above the ordinary world,with their dark tarns,heather and ling and harebells,and moorland tracks as remote,it seems,as traits in Mongolia.Yet less than an hour in a fast motor will bring you to the middle of some manuf
31、acturing town,which can be left and forgotten just as easily as it can be reached from these heights.,我最喜欢的地区是约克郡山谷，可能是我在那里长大的缘故吧。约克郡山谷的地貌多样性在英国甚至全世界都首屈一指。在山谷里走上一天，就可以见到地球上几乎所有地貌。短短几个小时，你就可以看到翠绿的山谷、蜿蜒的河流、精致的古桥、美丽的村庄、悬空的森林、平整的田野。高沼地上溪水奔流，石墙耸立，咸风劲吹，杓鹬鸣叫，农舍俨然。孤零零的高地似乎高出平地几里，高地上有深色的小湖，杂生着帚石楠和风铃草。高沼地上的痕迹
32、像是在蒙古一样偏僻。但一小时的车程，就可以从这里赶到繁华的市中心。市井之繁华，从高地处易于到达又便于遗忘。,Another characteristic of our landscape is its exquisite moderation.It looks like the result of one of those happy compromises that make our social and political plans so irrational and yet so successful.It has been born of a compromise between w
33、ildness and tameness,between Nature and Man.In many countries you pass straight from regions where men have left their mark on every inch of ground to other regions that are desolate wildernesses.Abroad,we have all noticed how abruptly most of the cities seem to begin:here,no city;there,the city.Wit
34、h us the cities pretend they are not really there until we are well inside them.They almost insinuate themselves into the countryside.This comes from another compromise of ours,the suburb.There is a great deal to be said for the suburb.To people of moderate means,compelled to live fairly near their
35、work in a city,the suburb offers the most civilized way of life.Nearly all Englishmen are at heart country gentlemen.The suburban villa enables the salesman or the clerk,out of hours,to be almost a country gentleman.(Let us admit that it offers his wife and children more solid advantages.)A man in a
36、 newish suburb feels that he has one foot in the city and one in the country.There are,however,things to be said against the suburb.To begin with,now that everybody has a passionand,in my opinion,a ridiculous passionfor living in detached or semidetached villas.The new suburbs eat into the countrysi
37、de in the greediest fashion and immensely enlarge the bounds of their cities.Nor is there anything very pleasing in the sight of these villas and bungalows,thickly sown,for miles,higgledy-piggledy and messy.Then again,there are disadvantages about being neither completely urban nor completely rural.
38、It might be better if people who work in the cities were more mentally urban,more ready to identify themselves with the life of the city proper.Thus there is something more than cheap snobbery behind that accusing cry of“Suburban!”which we hear so often.It may mean that the accused,with his compromi
39、ses,has contrived to lose the urban virtues without acquiring the rural ones,and is mentally making the worst of both worlds.英伦风景的又一特色是它的中庸。这就像英国许多次妥协的结果一样，让我们的社会与政治机制看起来极不合理，但又很成功。这里是荒蛮与驯化妥协的结果，是自然与人类博弈的结果。在许多国家，有些地方到处是人类的痕迹，有些地方则人迹罕至。在国外，城市与郊外的分界非常明显。这里是郊区，那里是市区。但在英国，你只有到城市深处才发觉自己到了市区，好像之前它藏匿了起来。市
40、区藏匿在郊区之中。郊区也是英国式妥协的一个结果。对于喜好中庸的人士，如果不得不住在工作地点旁边，郊区可以提供最文明的生活方式。从骨子里来说，几乎所有英国人都是乡村绅士。住在郊区的别墅里，在城市工作的推销员或职员下班以后也可以变身为乡村绅士。（这种生活对妻小也有益处）新郊区给人一种一脚在城市，一脚在乡村的感觉。当然，居住在郊区也有不好的地方。首先，现在每个人都乐意住在独立或半独立的别墅里，我觉得这种想法挺可笑的。其次，新郊区贪婪地吞噬了乡村地域，扩大,了城市的范围。还有，这些密密麻麻数英里长的别墅和平房群也不怎么好看。但说起来，半市区和半郊区也有它的坏处。如果在市区工作的人的思想再都市化一点，对
41、城市生活的认同感再强一点就好了。这样那些整天喊着要去郊区生活的人就可能没那么功利了。有可能的是，这些人可能失去了城市的便利，但又未获得乡村生活的益处。结果在思想上，把两个世界都变得一团糟。We must return,however,to the landscape,which I suggest is the result of a compromise between wildness and cultivation,Nature and Man.One reason for this is that it contains that exquisite balance between N
42、ature and Man.We see a cornfield and a cottage,both solid evidences of Mans presence.But notice how these things,in the middle of the scene,are surrounded by witnesses to that ancient England that was nearly all forest and heath.The fence and the gate are man-made,but are not severely regular and tr
43、im as they would be in some other countries.The trees and hedges,the grass and wild flowers in the foreground,all suggest that Nature has not been dragooned into obedience.Even the cottage,which has an irregularity and coloring that make it fit snugly into the landscape(as all good cottage should do
44、),looks nearly as much a piece of natural history as the trees:you feel it might have grown there.In some countries,that cottage would have been an uncompromising cube of,brick which would have declared,“No nonsense one.Man,the drainer,the tiller,the builder,has settled here.”In this English scene t
45、here is no such direct opposition.Men and trees and flowers,we feel,have all settled down comfortably together.The motto is,“Live and let live.”This exquisite harmony between Nature and Man explains in part the enchantment of the older Britain,in which whole towns fitted snugly into the landscape,as
46、 if they were no more than bits of woodland;and roads went winding the easiest way as naturally as rivers;and it was impossible to say where cultivation ended and wild life began.It was a country rich in trees,birds,and wild flowers,as we can see to this day.,我们必须回归到妥协之中，也就是荒蛮与文明的妥协，自然与人类的妥协。因为这种妥协代
47、表着人与自然的和谐相处。比如说一片玉米田和一间小木屋，二者都是人类存在的标志。但要注意到，它们周围包围着古老英格兰遗留下来的森林和灌木。篱笆和门是人造的，但并不像其他国家一样制作精致光滑。院子前的灌木和杂草都说明自然并没有屈服于人力。连那间小木屋的形状与色泽都能够与周围的风景相得益彰（好的木屋都应该是这样的），叫人看起来它好像是原本就生长在这里一样。有些国家的木屋是砖块砌成，似乎在宣布“别闹了，人类来了，泥瓦匠，排水工，建筑工来了这里”。英国则没有如此对立鲜明的场景。在这里，人类与花草树木共同生活在一起。我们的格言是“和谐共生”。人与自然超乎寻常的和谐是老英国魅力的部分所在，有些城市恰到好处地
48、嵌在周边环境中，似乎是林地的一部分。公路像河流一样自然地蜿蜒开来，你很难说出文明与自然的界限在哪里。直到今天，这个国家都是个鸟语花香，树木葱葱的地方。,1.翻译标准,We have here no vast mountain ranges,no illimitable plains,no leagues of forests,and are deprived of the grandeur that may accompany these things.,试译 它没有连绵的山麓，广袤的平原，成片的森林，也就自然缺失了伴 随这些景色的宏大壮观的感觉。,分析 忠实与通顺是翻译的两个重要标准。对于汉
49、语来说，通顺的语言还 意味着句式要整齐，对仗要工整。比如上句中英文的排比句式“no vast mountain ranges,no illimitable plains,no leagues of forests”就要采取对仗的方式来翻译，分别翻译成“连绵的山麓，广袤的平原，成片的森林”。这样的翻译句式工整，读起来也朗 朗上口。我们也可以采取四字格，翻译成“连绵不断的山麓，广 袤无垠的平原，成片成片的森林”。,翻译技巧分析,2.英汉语言对比,Yet less than an hour in a fast motor will bring you to the middle of some ma
50、nufacturing town,which can be left and forgotten just as easily as it can be reached from these heights.,试译 但一小时的车程，就可以从这里赶到繁华的市中心。市井之繁华，从高地处易于到达又便于遗忘。,分析 英语的句子讲究形合，一个句子中可以包含多个从句，表达比 较丰富的意义。汉语则讲究形合，句子较短，句子之间的联系 主要依赖意义。因此，在英汉翻译中，经常要把英文中的从句 单独拆成一个句子来翻译。比如这句话的后半句是个定语从句 which can be left and forgotten j
