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1、Chapter 1,Brief Introduction to Translation绪论,Translation is a science.Translation is an art.Translation is a craft.Translation is a skill.Translation is an operation.Translation is a language activity.Translation is communicating.Translation is a cross-language,cross-social,cross-cultural activity.
2、,Nature of Translation,1，按译出语和译入语（source language and target language）：本族语译为外语&外语译为本族语 2，按涉及到的语言符号：语内翻译（intralingual translation）&语际翻译(interlingual translation)&符际翻译(intersemiotic translation)3,按翻译手段：口译（oral translation）&笔译(written translation)&机器翻译(machine translation)4,按翻译题材：专业性翻译（specialized-subj
3、ect translation）&文学翻译(literary translation)&一般性翻译(practical translation)5,按翻译方式：全译（full translation）&摘译(selective translation)&编译(edited translation),How to translate?,你二吧？你才二呢！宅男宅女,indoorsy;indoorsman indoorswoman homebody,shut-in;otaku,Criteria or Principle for Translation,语际的意义转换不能是任意的，它必须遵循一定的规范
4、，才能使翻译成为有意义的社会行为。翻译的标准，就是语际意义转换的规范性制约条件。-刘宓庆：1990现代翻译理论,There are Different Criteria from Different Angle.,1.From the angle of source language and target language:source language-oriented:literal translation直译(word for word,line for line)The apple of my eye:我眼里的苹果The Milky Way:牛奶路 target language-or
5、iented:free translation意译(completely assimilation)When Greek meets Greek,then comes the tug of war.张飞杀岳飞，杀得满天飞。Solomon诸葛亮,直译：人们关心的是语言层面的技术处理问题，即如何在保持原语形式的同时，不让其意义失真；意译：人们认为语言有不同的文化内涵和表达形式，当形式成为翻译的障碍时，就要采取意译,直意之争：“既须求真又须喻俗”,意即译文要忠实通顺“.-玄奘“凡是翻译，必须兼顾两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保持原作的丰姿。”-鲁迅且介亭杂文二集“题未定草”,直译不等于死译(dead
6、translation):,街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生。Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹。She got up early,went to the town and saw her public father.,试译：天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福,直译：Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.意译：The weather and human life are both
7、 unpredictable,2.From the angle of author and reader:faithfulness,smoothness;忠实，通顺 faithfulness,expressiveness,elegance 严复的三字标准：信达雅,Alexander Fraser Tytler:3 Principles,1.A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.译文应该完全传达原文的思想。2.The style and manner of writhin
8、g should be of the same character as that of the original.译文的风格和笔调应与原文的一致。3.A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.译文应像原文一样流畅。,3.From the angle of aesthetics:Be alike not only in appearance but also in spiritAdvocated by literature translators:Xu Yuanchong:beauty in meani
9、ng,beauty in sound and beauty in form(意美、音美、形美),“words in best order”,“best words in best order”,神似论(similarity in spirit)：以效果而论，翻译应当象临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。-傅雷高老头译序化境论(sublimation/reincarnation)：把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于化境。-钱钟书 林纾的翻译,History of Argument“案本求真神似化境”,严复“信、达、雅”
10、（求信）林语堂“忠、顺、美”梁实秋、赵景琛“宁错务顺”鲁迅“宁信不顺”瞿秋白“信顺统一”傅雷“形似神似”钱钟书“入化境界”,4.From the angle of social semiotics:3 Meanings and 6 functions1)Designative meaning指称意义2)Linguistic meaning言内意义3)Pragmatic meaning语用意义,1)Informative function信息功能2)Expressive function表情功能3)Vocative function祈使功能4)Aesthetic function美学功能5)Ph
11、atic function酬应功能6)Metalingual function元语言功能Correspondence in meaning and similarity in function.意义相符，功能相似。陈宏薇,翻译标准多元互补论,1,翻译标准是多元（语音，语法，语义）的而非一元的。2，翻译标准既是多元的，又是一个有机的然而变动不居的标准系统。在这个系统中，最高标准是最佳近似度。这是一个形同虚设的抽象标准，真正有实际意义的是一大群具体标准。3，具体标准中又有主标准和次标准的区别。4，多元翻译标准是互补的。辜正坤中西诗比较鉴赏与翻译理论,Process of Translation,1
12、.Comprehension 2.Expression 3.Checking理解表达校对理解：主要进行语法语义语体语篇的分析，侧重于作者方面，这是翻译过程里最重要的步骤!表达：侧重于读者方面，主要集中于用何种表达方式可以让读者更好的理解作者的原意!校对：对理解和表达上存在的问题进行最后处理,这件事你不用操心。,1.This you dont need to worry.2:You dont need to worry about this.3.This is not something you need to worry about.4.It is unnecessary for you to
13、 worry about this.5.There is no need to worry about this.,我的头疼的要命.,My head aches badly.My head is killing me.I have a terrible headache.I have a splitting headache.I have a migraine.,中国的人均农业土地面积比不上世界上其它许多国家,Chinas per capita agricultural land cannot compare with that of many other countries in the w
14、orld.In its amount of agricultural land per capita,China compares unfavorably with many other countries.China compares unfavorably with many other countries in terms of per capita agricultural land.,懒惰的人不会成功.,A lazy person will never succeed.Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed.Laziness m
15、akes success impossible.,这位母亲很为有个聪明漂亮的女儿而骄傲.,The mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter.The intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes her mother very proud.,Approaches to Translation,Literal Translation,He walked at the head of the funeral procession,and every now and th
16、en wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢抹去他那鳄鱼的眼泪。,Free Translation,No admittance!(One-member sentence)闲人免进。（SV)It rains cats and dogs.(SVO)大雨滂沱。（SV)Where there is a will,there is a way.(Complex)有志者事竟成。(Simple),The oppressed people in the world rather go through fire
17、 and water to fight against imperialists and colonialists than be turned round their little fingers.世界上被压迫人民宁肯赴汤蹈火同帝国主义者和殖民主义者进行斗争，也不愿任人摆布。,It means killing two birds with one stone.1.这意味着一石二鸟。2.这意味着一举两得。3.这意味着一箭双雕。你不要班门弄斧了。A.Dont display your axe at Lu Bans door.(L)B.Dont teach your grandmother to
18、suck eggs.(F)C.Never offer to teach a fish to swim.(?),异化（foreignization),异化：转达原文意思的时候，是译文的表达形式和句法结构尽量同原文一致起来，能完全对等的就完全对等，不能完全对等的也要大致对等。优点：保留的原文的文化意象，目的是使译文保持原文的语言风格，向译文读者介绍源语文化，并丰富译入语及文化。-Venuti,Lawrence.The translators Invisibility.London:Routledge,1995.,crocodile tearhoney mooncowboyPandoras boxg
19、olden ageforbidden fruitto cry wolf soap operadark horseHotdogsour grape,铁饭碗iron rice bowl-secure employment 半边天half the sky；women of the new society；women folk 官倒bureaucrat profiteering;official-speculator 纸老虎paper tiger,A wolf in sheeps clothingArmed to the teethAn eye for an eye,a tooth for a too
20、thAll roads lead to Romeborn with a silver spoon in ones moutha storm in a tea cup,笑里藏刀hide a dagger in a smile-with murderous intent behind ones smiles;天下乌鸦一般黑All crows under the sun are black;Crows are black the world over;In every country dogs bite.路遥知马力，事久见人心Distance tests a horses stamina and t
21、ime reveals a persons heart;judge people after a period of time 初生牛犊不怕虎New-born calves make little of tigers；The more wit,the less courage 巧妇难为无米之炊Even a clever woman housewife cannot cook a meal without rice.;One cant make bricks without straw,归化：人类文化具有共同的范畴，因此，两种语言在表达上出现意象相同的内容，有的意象不同，意义基本一致，翻译时用译
22、入语的文化意象来取代原文里的文化意象，或用译入语现有的词汇来翻译。特点：归化翻译采取民族中心主义的态度，使外语文本符合译入语语言的文化价值，把原作者带入译入语文化。-Venuti,Lawrence.The translators Invisibility.London:Routledge,1995.,归化（domestication),To shed crocodile tearsAs poor as a church mouseLions mouthDrink like a fishWhere there is a will,there is a wayMake hay while the
23、sun shinesThere is no smoke without fireLook for a needle in a bundle of hay,Hold a wolf by the ears进退两难；骑虎难下Teach fish to swimTwo heads are better than oneAn ass in a lions skin色厉内荏的人 Speak of the devil and he comescry up wine and sell vinegarBurn ones boat 破釜沉舟；背水一战,Go to law for a sheep,you lose
24、a cow.捡了芝麻，丢了西瓜。（归）为一只羊打官司，却损失了一头牛。（异)树倒猢狲散When the tree falls,the monkeys scatter.Members run away when the family falls./Rats leave a sinking ship.,）,1,用异化译法翻译下列习语：(1)All that glitters is not gold.(2)Barking dogs do not bite.(3)A rolling stone gathers no moss.(4)Necessity is the mother of inventio
25、n.发明源于需要。(5)Out of sight,out of mind.物远心离,离久情疏。(6)Example is better than precept.(7)Show ones cards摊牌(公开自己的计划,吐露自己的真实打算),(8)shuttle diplomacy(9)God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助之。(10)Money is the root of all evil.(11)You may take a horse to the water,but you cant make it drink.牵马河边易,逼它饮水难./老
26、牛不喝水,不能强按头.(12)have one foot in the grave风烛残年(13)A live dog is better than a dead lion.死狮不如活狗。/好死不如赖活着,2,用异化译法翻译下列习语。(1)Distant water wont put out a fire close at hand.(2)fish for a needle in the ocean(3)A man of great wisdom often appear slow-witted.(4)be of noble character and high prestige(5)put
27、on a rival show（1）远水救不了近火（2）大海捞针(3)大智若愚（4）德高望重(5)唱对台戏,(6)Every injustice has its perpetrator,every debt has its debtor.(7)as easy as turning ones hand over.(8)Learning is like rowing upstream,not to advance is to drop back.Learning is like rowing against the current;if one does not advance,one will
28、retreat.（6）怨有头，债有主。（7）易如反掌（8）学如逆水行舟，不进则退。,3,用归化译法翻译下列英语习语(1)No man can serve two masters.(2)Like father,like son.(3)Man proposes,God disposes.(4)Constant dropping wears the stone.(5)Bitter pills may have blessed effects.(6)There is truth in wine.(7)Walls have ears.(8)Pride comes before a fall.,4,用归化
29、译法翻译下列习语。,(1)Im afraid that my success as a painter was just a flash in the pan(written in the water).(2)Richard could not go to a library and writing the report was a job of making bricks without straw.(3)“well,”the old man remarked consolingly,“Dying is as natural as living.”(4)He wants that job v
30、ery much,and hell swear black is white to get it.(by hook or by crook),(5)The chief hadnt accepted his plan yet,so he decided to go in and polish the apple a bit(bootlick).(6)If hes so successful,why does he have to keep blowing his own trumpet?Every cook praises his own broth.(7)Looking out upon th
31、e sea of faces,Mr.Yang delivered a touching speech.(8)He said that his teacher considered his essay brilliant,but I would rather hear it from his teachers own mouth.Every potter praises his own pot./Every mothers child is handsome./Every salesman boasts of his own wares./Everything is nice in your g
32、arden.,（1）我担心我当画家的成功只是昙花一现。（2）理查德不能去图书馆，那么要写这份报告无疑于要他做无米之炊。（3）老人安慰道：“得了，生死由命呀。”（4）他非常想得到那份工作，因此他会不择手段地去得到它。（5）头头还没有批准他的计划，所以他决定去拍拍马屁。,归化译文：,（6）既然他干得那么好，他干吗要整天自吹自擂呢？（7）望着一片人山人海的听众，杨先生发表了一篇动人的演说。（8）他说他的老师很赞赏他的作文，但我要听他的老师亲口说。我看他是王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸。,2008年考研翻译真题,In his autobiography,Darwin himself speaks of his i
33、ntellectual powers with extraordinary modesty.He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely，but he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence，and thus
34、 enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.译文但是他认为或许正是因为（语言表达上的）这种困难，他不得不对自己要说的每句话都经过长时间的认真思考，从而能发现自己在推理和观察中的错误，结果这反而成为他的优点。译文但是达尔文认为这种障碍可能反过来也有益处，可能正是这种不足促使他深入认真地思考每个句子，从而能够在推理和自己的观察中发现问题。,He asserted,also,/that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of th
35、ought was very limited,/for which reason he felt certain/that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.译文 同时，他声称，对于冗长的纯抽象思维，自己的理解力十分有限，因此，他断言自己绝不会在数学方面有所建树。,On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that,while he was a good observer,he had no po
36、wer of reasoning.另一方面，有些人批评他虽然善于观察，却不具备推理能力，而他认为这种说法也是缺乏根据的。,He adds humbly that perhaps he was superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention,and in observing them carefully.译文一 他谦卑地补充道，或许自己“和普通人比起来，更能够注意到那些别人不容易注意到的东西，并且更能够对此加以详细地观察”。”译文二 他很谦虚地补充说，也许自己的“过人之处仅仅在于
37、能够注意到别人容易忽略的事，并且能够对此认真观察。,Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to the intellect,and more probably to the moral character.译文达尔文深信，丧失这些鉴赏力不仅会使人丧失快乐，而且可能损害智力，更有可能让人品德堕落。,Supplementary Materials,1.翻译名家介绍2.全国翻译专业资格水平考试介绍3.北外高翻
38、学院2001-2009英汉同传专业研究生入学考试试卷,Homework,We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.The isolation of the rural world,because of distance and the lack of transport facilities,is compounded by the paucity of the information media.In American political elections
39、the candidates that win are usually the ones who have green power backing them.The growing awareness by millions of Africans of their extremely poor and backward living conditions has prompted them to take resolute measures and create new ones.They have not done so well ideologically,however,as orga
40、nizationally.,A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.He insisted on building another house,which he had no use for.In Africa I met a boy,who was crying as if his heart would break and said,when I spoke to him,that he was hungry
41、because he had no food for two days.I could not venture to approach her,or to communicate with her in writing,for my sense of the peril in which her life was passed was only to be equaled by my fear of increasing it.They incited him to go into further investigation.,Opera is expensive:that much is i
42、nevitable.But expensive things are not inevitably the province of the rich unless we abdicate societys power of choice.We can choose to make opera,and other expensive forms of culture,accessible to those who cannot individually pay for it.The question is:why should we?Nobody denies the imperatives o
43、f food,shelter,defence,health and education.But even in a prehistoric cave,mankind stretched out a hand not just to eat,drink or fight,but also to draw.The impulse towards culture,the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation is fundamental.In Europe,this desire
44、has found fulfillment in the masterpieces of our music,art,literature and theatre.These masterpieces are the touchstones for all our efforts;they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire;they carry the most profound messages that can be sent from one human to another.,
