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1、Questionnaire,本素材 由hi-hoo提供,Questionnaire Design,1.Introduction2.Questionnaire Design,1.Introduction,1.1 Definition1.2 Length of a Questionnaire,1.1 Definition,A questionnaire is a set of questions designed to collect information from a respondent.,1.2 Length of a Questionnaire,Shorter is not always
2、 better.The length of your questionnaire should be based on the minimum amount required to sufficiently cover the necessary topic.Generally speaking,long questionnaire get less response than short questionnaire,2.1 Draft questionnaire:format,TitleSubtitle,Directions,Questions,Closing Greetings,Lengt
3、h of Questionnaire,2.1 Draft questionnaire,2.1.2 Title2.1.2 Direction2.1.3 Question2.1.4 Closing Greetings,2.1.1 Title,A questionnaire with a title is generally perceived to be more credible than one without.A title should be short and meaningful to the respondent.,2.1.2 Direction-role,Role:(1)A met
4、a-analysis revealed an increase in response rate of 7.7 percent.to build expectation and reduces the possibility that a potential respondent might disregard the survey when it arrives.(2)to help to establish the legitimacy(合法，合理，正当)of a survey,thereby contributing to a respondents trust.,2.1.2 Direc
5、tion-requirement,Why1:Briefly describe why the study is being done and identify the sponsors.This is impressive and lends credibility to the study.Why2:Explain why the person was chosen to receive the questionnaire.Why3:Justify why the respondent should complete the questionnaire.The justification m
6、ust be something that will benefit the respondent.How:Explain how the results will be used.,2.1.2 Direction-example,Example 1The following questionnaire is designed for investigating the needs of international students learning Chinese in China.,Why1+Why2,Example 2The questions in the six sections h
7、ave been carefully selected to cover the important aspects of the needs of foreign language learning.All the data collected will be highly confidential and will be used for the course design only.,Why3+How,2.1.3 Question,(1)Introduction(2)wording(3)good questions(4)order,(1)Introduction,A:resourceB:
8、typeC:Dimension,A:resource,A thorough literature search(文献研究)is a useful first step of questionnaire designing and in fact of any survey,as it gives an idea of the work already done and the information available in the sphere of interest.By referring to the literature,as many items as possible conce
9、rning the topic studied could be collected.A used question would be ok if possible,for it might have been modified and evaluated.,B:type-1,a.open-endedb.multiple-choicec.ratings or rankingsd.Likert-scale,a.open-ended,Numerical open-ended:6.The time spent on Chinese training(accumulative):_Text open-
10、ended:10.How can you improve your reading skills?_2)Anything else you would like to comment about?_,b.multiple-choice,c.ratings or rankings评定等级/排行,d.Likert-scale李克特量表,B:type-2,Sequence inventory详细目录(rating or rankings+likert-scale)Category Inventory(multiple-choice),C:Dimension,Generally,a question
11、can be asked along two dimensions:positive and negative,(1)wording-1 措词,Question wording is a crucial element in maximizing the validity and reliability of survey data obtained by a question-asking process since small changes in question wording can cause large differences in responses.Evidence from
12、 experimental studies also support the notion that question wording can have an important impact on the nature and quality of responses.Questions must be unambiguous.The basic principle is simple-to use words that everyone in the survey population will understand and that have only the meaning that
13、the researcher intends.,(2)wording-2,Avoid emotionally loaded or vaguely defined words.For example,quantifying adjectives(e.g.most,least,majority)are frequently used in questions.It is important to understand that these adjectives mean different things to different people.Avoid unfamiliar words or a
14、bbreviations.Remember who your audience is and write your questionnaire for them.Do not use uncommon words or compound sentences.Write short sentences.Abbreviations are okay if you are absolutely certain that every single respondent will understand their meanings.If there is any doubt at all,do not
15、use the abbreviation.,(2)wording-3,Some general rules can be stated on question wording:Be concise and unambiguous Avoid double questions Avoid questions involving negatives Ask for precise answers Avoid leading questions诱导性询问,(2)wording-4,For socially desirable behavior,it is better to ask whether
16、respondents have ever engaged in the behavior before asking whether they currently engage in the behavior For socially undesirable behavior,it is better to ask about current behavior first,rather than ask about their usual or typical behavior,(2)good questions,A.Non-threateningB.One aspectC.Accommod
17、ating all possible answersD.Mutually exclusive optionsE.No Leading questionF.No branchingG.More closed questions,A.Non-threatening,Questions must be non-threatening.When a respondent is concerned about the consequences of answering a question in a particular manner,there is a good possibility that t
18、he answer will not be truthful.Anonymous questionnaires that contain no identifying information are more likely to produce honest responses than those identifying the respondent.If your questionnaire does contain sensitive items,be sure to clearly state your policy on confidentiality.,B.One Aspect,A
19、sks for an answer on only one aspect.The purpose of a survey is to find out information.A question that asks for a response on more than one aspect will not provide the information you are seeking.For example,a researcher investigating a new book asks Do you like the text and exercise of the book?“I
20、f a respondent answers no,then the researcher will not know if the respondent dislikes the text or the exercise,or both.A good question asks for only one bit of information.,C.Accommodating all possible answers(1),Multiple choice items are the most popular type of survey questions because they are g
21、enerally the easiest for a respondent to answer and the easiest to analyze.Asking a question that does not accommodate all possible responses can confuse and frustrate the respondent.,C.Accommodating all possible answers(2),In training reading skills,the most difficult problem is:A)limited vocabular
22、yB)speed C)grammar D)cultural background E)to get main ideas F)others:_ For this item,A,B,C,D and E are fixed choices,and to keep any possible information from missing,“F)others_”is added here for the respondents to fill in.,D.Mutually exclusive choices,A good question leaves no ambiguity in the min
23、d of the respondent.There should be only one correct or appropriate choice for the respondent to make.An obvious example is:Where did you grow up?_ A.country B.farm C.city A person who grew up on a farm in the country would not know whether to select choice A or B.This question would not provide mea
24、ningful information.Worse than that,it could frustrate the respondent and the questionnaire might find its way to the trash.,E.No Leading question,Not to lead the respondent into giving the answer we would like to receive.Leading questions are usually easily spotted because they use negative phraseo
25、logy.As an example:Wouldnt you like to live on campus?,F.No branching,Branching in written questionnaires should be avoided.While branching can be used as an effective probing technique in telephone and face-to-face interviews,it should not be used in written questionnaires because it sometimes conf
26、uses respondents.An example of branching is:Are you living on campus?(Yes or No)If no,go to question 3.Filter Questions,G.More closed questions,Closed questions are usually betterEasier for the respondentLess coding laterBetter to have respondent do categorizingCategories help define the question,本素材 由hi-hoo提供,
