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1、Grammar,sentences,start!,句子定义,句子是包含主语和谓语部分的一组词。它有一定的语法结构和语调，用以表达一个比较完整的独立的概论。,句子成份,句子一般由两个部分组成：,主语部分（subject group）,谓语部分（predicate group）,句子成份：,主语,谓语,宾语,表语,补语,定语,状语,Members of sentence:S-subjectP-predicative O-objectAttri.-attributeAdv.-adverb Oc-object complement,主语,宾语,表语,补语,定语,状语,主语（subject）句子的主体，
2、全句述说的对象,一般常置于句首。,Jane is good at playing the piano.She went out in a hurry.Four plus four is eight.To see is to believe.Smoking is bad for health.The young should respect the old.What he has said is true.,（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）（句子）,找出句中主语,The sun rises in the east.Twenty years is a short ti
3、me in history.The poor are now living in the shelter.Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.He likes dancing.What he needs is a book.It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（动名词）,（不定式）,（句子）,(名词化的形容词）,（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）,谓语说明主语的动作、状态，常置于主语后,简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成I s
4、aw the flag on the top of the hill?He looked after two orphans.复合谓语:由情态动词或助动词+动词构成;He can speak English well.She doesnt seem to like dancing My father is watching TV,Show your passport,please.She didnt say anything.How many do you want?-I want two.They sent the injured to hospital.They decided to le
5、ave now.I enjoy working with you.Did you write down what he said?,（名词）,(代词）,(数词),(名词化的形容词),(三)宾语动作的对象或承受者，常置于及物动词或介词后,（不定式）,（动名词）,（句子）,宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物或事,间接宾语指人或动物.He gave me some books.,间接宾语,直接宾语,please pass me the book.He bought his girlfriend some flowers.,（四）表语,表述主语的特征、身份、状态等，置于系动词后My father
6、 is a boss.This book is mine.Time is precious.Ill be twenty next year.The war was over.I dont feel at ease.,(形容词),(代词),(名词),(数词),(副词),(介词短语),7.They seem to know the truth.8.His main hobby is smoking.9.This story is very interesting.10.Never touch an electric wire when it is broken.11.Is that why you
7、 were angry?,(不定式),(现在分词/形容词),(动名词/名词),(过去分词/形容词),(从句),注：除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词:2)表转变变化的动词:3)表延续的动词,feel,smell,taste,sound,look,appear,seem 等。,become,get,grow,turn,go,等,remain,keep,hold,stay,rest等。,（五）定语修饰或说明名词（代词）品质与特征的词、词组或从句,He is a clever boy.His father works in a steel work.There are
8、 54students in our class.Do you know his sister?He bought some sleeping pills.There is a sleeping baby in bed.His spoken language is good.She has a wish to travel round the world I want to but a pair of shoes.He was an old man who wore thick glasses.,(形容词),(名词),(数词),(代词),(动名词),(现在分词),(过去分词),(不定式),(介
9、词短语),(从句),定语后置：如果定语是由一个单词表示时，通常要前置。而由一个短语、句子或不定式表示时或修饰的是不定代词时，通常后置。The girl in red is his sister.We have a lot of work to do.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.Do you know the man who spoke just now?Could you tell me something interesting?,（六）状语状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词及全句的句子成分。,The girl improves
10、 greatly.I am very exciting.He can run very fast.Unfortunately,I failed the exam.,(修饰动词),(修饰副词),(修饰全句),*作状语的主要是副词、不定式、分词、介词短语及从句,(修饰形容词),They are playing on the playground.To kill bugs,we should spray the area regularly.He sat in the armchair,reading the newspaper.Beaten and sent to jail by the poli
11、ce,he insisted on his principle.He was late because he got up late.,(介词短语),(不定式),(现在分词),(过去分词),(从句),状语功用：说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。,Shall we go shopping today or tomorrow.He often went to school by bus.There are plenty of fish in the sea.Please call me if it is necessary.He went to school i
12、n spite of his illness.In order to get into a good schoolm,I must study hard.She spoke so softly that I couldnt hear what she said.Its very cold.I cant get to sleep because of the noise outside.Dont look at me like that.The dog entered the room,following his master.,(时间状语),(方式状语),(地点状语),(条件状语),(目的状语
13、),(结果状语),(让步状语),(程度状语),(原因状语),(方式状语),(伴随状语),用以修饰adj./v./adv.及全句,位置灵活。通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。,状语位置：,They named the child JimmyI found the book interesting.I saw him playing basketball just no
14、w?He made himself known to them.She asked me to lend her a hand.I found everything in good condition.,（六）宾语补足语有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有：make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let,ask等.,(形容词),(名词),(现在分词),(不定式),(过去分词),(介词短语),（七）同位语 一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰
15、，限定或说明，这个名词（或其它形式）就是同位语。常位于名词或代词之后，说明它们的性质和情况。,We young people should respect the old.He himself will do the experiment.He is the oldest among them four.He told me the news that our team won the game.,名词,代词,数词,从句,按用途分类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句1）陈述句：用以陈述事实或观点的句子。e.g.People have five senses:sight,hearing,smell
16、,taste and touch.人有五种感觉：视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉和触觉。There is a baseball in front of the toy car.在那辆玩具车前面有一个棒球。Here comes my father.我爸爸来了.She usually dont stay late.他通常不熬夜。,2）疑问句：用以提问的句子。A.一般疑问句 结构：助动词/BE动词/情态动词+主语+谓语.e.g.Have you locked the door?Yes,I have./No,I havent B.特殊疑问句 结构：疑问词+助动词/BE动词/情态动词+主语+谓语 e.g.Wher
17、e did you get so much money from?C.反意疑问句 e.g.Jonhn likes tea,doesnt he?He doesnt like his job,does he?D.选择疑问句 e.g.Shall we go there by bus or by train?Who do you like best,Tom,Jim and Derek?,3）祈使句：用以表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等的句子,主语常省略。e.g.1.Put thoes things back in their places.2.Look out!Theres a car coming.3.
18、Dont touch me 感叹句：用以表示喜怒哀乐等强烈情感的句子。e.g.How blue the sky is!What a foolish mistake I have made!,句子,主,句子类型,简单句,并列句,复合句,.简单句,1.Things changed.2.Trees are green.3.We dont beat children.4.He gave his sister the piano.5.I found the book easy.,主+谓,主+系+表,主+谓+宾,主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语,主+谓+宾+宾补,Nobody went.She became a
19、 doctor.The car caught fire.I will write you a long letter.I will let him go.,Practice,主+谓,主+系+表,主+谓+宾,主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语,主+谓+宾+宾补,.并列句,This is me and these are my friends.They must stay in water,or they will die.Its not cheap,but it is very good.It was late,so I went to bed.,and,or,but,so,He knocked at
20、the door;there was no answer.Youre alive!And shes dead.,并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成。并列连词有：and,but,or,so等，可表并列、转折或选择等。,名词性从句,状语从句,定语从句,主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句,.复合句,A plane is a machine that can fly.,He said that he didnt like her.,名词性从句,1)主语从句,*What he said is not known.*That we shall be late is certain.
21、*It is certain that we shall be late.*How strange it is that the children are so quiet!,2）表语从句,*That is what he wants to buy.*The problem is that who we can get to replace her?*The reason is that he has lied to me several times.,3)宾语从句,*I understand that he is well qualified.*He said that he didnt l
22、ike her.*I dont know if you can help me.,4)同位语从句,*Where did you get the idea that I couldnt come?*The question who should do the work requires consideration.*Mother made a promise that she would buy me a new coat.,the idea,The question,a promise,注意！,*that与what都可以引导名词性从句。*what在从句中充当句子成份（主,宾,表）。*That在
23、句中只起连接作用，不充当成份。*that在引导名词性从句时不可省略（宾语从句除外）.,That is what he wants to buy.That we shall be late is certain.He said(that)he didnt like her.,引导词that&what,状语从句,分为九类：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、方式、程度,1)时间状语从句,Wait until you are called.When spring came,leaves turn green.,常用的关联词有：as,after,before,since,till/until,w
24、hen,while,as soon as,whenever等,2)地点状语从句,Put it where you found it.Sit down wherever you like.,常用的关联词有：where,wherever,anywhere,3)原因状语从句,As I didnt know the way,I asked a policeman,常用的关联词有：because,as,since,4)结果状语从句,I was in the bath so that I didnt hear the telephone.,常用的关联词有：so,so that,such that,that
25、,5)目的状语从句,Ill show you so you will see how its done.,常用的关联词有：so,so that,in order that,6)条件状语从句,If it snows tomorrow,we will build a snowman.,常用的关联词有：if,unless,in case that,on condition that,常用的关联词有：though,although,if even if,even though,7)让步状语从句,Though Im fond of music,I cant play any instrument.,常用
26、的关联词有：as,as if,as though,how,常用的关联词有：so,so that,as far as,so long as,8)方式状语从句,He did just as you told him.,9)程度状语从句,So long as you need me,Ill stay.,定语从句This is the mistake which/that I always make.I still keep the letters which she wrote to me.I lost the pen which my father bought me.The boy who broke the window is called Roy.The boy who(m)I m looking for is my friend.I know the reason why he said it.I want to know the place where I was born.8.She will never forget the day when she was married.,Grammar,sentences,END!,知识回顾Knowledge Review,谢 谢！,放映结束 感谢各位的批评指导！,让我们共同进步,
