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1、林明金讲义大学英语词义辨析实例（一）林明金abandon, desert, forsake, relinquish, discard 丢弃辨析abandon是失去控制，或丧失了占有的能力，强调永远和完全放弃。desert “遗弃，抛弃”，强调违背允诺、誓言或逃避责任。Forsake“放弃，抛弃”，强调断绝感情的依恋。Relinquish强调放弃权利，特权或要求。discard“废弃，摒弃，扔掉”，指无用而废弃。例证1 They abandoned their lands to the invading forces.他们丢下了土地，遭侵略占领。2 The village had been hu
2、rriedly deserted, perhaps because terrorists were in the area.全村人都匆匆逃走了，或许因为该地区有恐怖分子。3 He forsook his family and friends.他舍弃他的家人和朋友。4 She relinquished possession of the house to her sister.她把房子的所有权让给了她的妹妹。5 She discarded a four, and picked up a king.她打出一张四点的牌，抓起一张K。abolish, eliminate, extinguish, ca
3、ncel 消除辨析abolish指“用暴力或法律手段废除旧制度、旧风俗”。eliminate指“消除或淘汰不需要的东西”。extinguish指“用压服性的武力等手段使其毁灭”。Cancel指“取消已预定的事情”。例证1Should the death penalty be abolished?应该废除死刑吗？2. The police have eliminated two suspects from their enquiry.警方从调查中排除了两名受嫌疑的人。3They tried to extinguish the fire.他们竭力要把火焰扑灭。4. The match had to
4、 be cancelled because of bad weather.比赛因天气不好只得取消。disgusting, abominable令人讨厌的辨析disgusting指“卑鄙的行为、手段或事物令人憎恶”。在日常生活中，该词的语气较弱，指“使人讨厌或受不了”。abominable语气很重，有“让人深恶痛绝的”意味，它可指“一切令人不快的事情”。例证1 He found her cooking habits to be disgusting.他发现她的烹调习惯让人受不了。2 Your behavior is abominable to me.我讨厌你的行为。abridge, shorte
5、n, abbreviate 缩减，缩短辨析abridge指“通过压缩删节而减少，但核心部分仍保留”。shorten指“在长度、时间、范围等方面缩减”。abbreviate指“词、短语通过压缩或省略某些部分而缩短”例证1. This is an abridged edition of War and Peace. 这是一本战争与和平的节略本。2The days are beginning to shorten.白天开始变短了。3. In writing, the title Doctor is abbreviated to Dr”.在书写时，Doctor头衔的缩写是Dr。absorb, assi
6、milate吸收辨析absorb指“使被吸收者失去其特点”，或指“将某人或某物合并”。assimilate指“使被吸收者的特点不复存在”，或指“将被吸收者变成吸收者的一部分”。例证1 Aspirin is quickly absorbed by the body.阿司匹林很快被身体吸收了。2 The larger firm absorbed the smaller one.那大公司吞并了那小公司。3 Some foods are assimilated more easily than others.有些食物比另一些食物容易吸收。4 The USA has assimilated people
7、 from many different countries.美国同化了来自许多国家的人。abstract, extract提取，提炼辨析abstract指“把一种东西从另一种东西中分离出来”。extract强调“用力或仔细地直接提取，或使用机器榨出”例证1. We can abstract metal from ore.我们能从矿砂中提取金属。2. We can extract juice from oranges.我们能榨出橙子汁。3. She extracted passages for the students to translate.她选了些短文让学生翻译。absurd, fool
8、ish, silly, ridiculous不合理辨析absurd强调“不符合人情或常识”。foolish强调“缺乏智慧和判断力”。silly强调“单纯、糊涂、低能的”。ridiculous指“人的行为愚蠢到令人发笑”，常含有“鄙视”的意味。例证1. It was absurd of you to suggest such a thing.你竟提出这种事，真荒唐。2. It would be foolish to pretend that the accident never happened.要是装成没发生事故的样子，那就太愚蠢了。3. Dont make us play silly gam
9、es.别让我们做荒唐可笑的游戏。4. You look ridiculous in those tight jeans.你穿上那紧身牛仔裤样子真可笑。abundant, plentiful, ample丰富辨析abundant指“丰富的，充裕的”。plenty指“大量的，丰富的”。ample指“充分的、足以满足需要的”例证1.We have abundant proof of his guilt.我们有充分的证据证明他有罪。2. We can find plentiful supplies of fresh fruit and vegetables.我们得到大量新鲜水果和蔬菜的供应。3.The
10、 director of the company receives an ample salary.公司的董事薪水很高。abuse, misuse不恰当地使用辨析abuse指“错误或恶劣地使用本不应该那样使用的东西（如权力、语言等）”；misuse指“对某种东西使用不当或不妥”，语气较弱。例证1. Dont abuse your authority.不要滥用权威。2. Dont misuse public funds.不要滥用公共基金。accelerate, quicken加快辨析accelerate指“事物运动、增长、进步的速率加快”。quicken强调“动作进行中活跃性，兴奋性增大”。例证
11、1 The car accelerated as it overtook me.那辆汽车一加速就超越了我。2His interest was quickened by an article he had read.他读了一篇文章便兴趣大增了。accent, dialect地方口音辨析accent指“一种特别的说话方式，通常与一个国家、地区或阶级有关”，强调的是“口音不同”。dialect指“一个国家某一地区使用的一种语言变体”，它强调“与同种语言在单词、语法或发音方面有不同之处”。例证1 He speaks English with a foreign accent.他说英语带外国腔。2 Th
12、is play is written in the Yorkshire dialect 这剧本是用约克郡方言写成的。accomplice, accessory同谋，帮凶辨析accomplice是一般词汇。accessory是法律词汇。例证1. The police arrested him and his two accomplices.警方逮捕了他和他的两个同谋。2. He was charged with being an accessory to murder.他被控为谋杀罪的从犯。accidental, fortuitous, incidental, adventitious偶然的辨析
13、accidental主要指“偶然的，无意中的”。fortuitous指“偶然发生的，多用于吉利事”。incidental指“偶然碰到的”。adventitious指“偶然的，偶发的，外来的”。例证1. He had an accidental meeting with a friend.他偶然遇到一位朋友。2. She had a fortuitous meeting with her lover.她与情人偶然相遇。accompany, attend, escort陪伴辨析accompany指“陪同前往，与人结伴，做他人同伴”。attend指“随侍，随从，陪同的对象是上级或应以礼相敬的人”。e
14、scort指“以警卫身份陪同，指礼节上的尊重或献殷勤”。例证1. The minister was accompanied by his secretary to the hospital.部长由他的秘书陪同到医院去。2. The queen was attended by her ladies-in-waiting.女王由宫廷女侍陪伴。3. The queen was escorted by the directors as she toured the factory.女王由董事们陪同参观了工厂。accumulate, amass, gather积累辨析accumulate 强调“经过一段
15、比较长的时间由少积多的积累”，使用范围较广，似乎凡是数量方面的增长都可以表示。amass 强调“大量的聚集”，常用于财富、信息、所有物等的聚集，这种积累可能一下子完成，也可能在短期内完成，也可能在比较长的时间内完成，但是数量总是很大的。Gather指“收拾一起，收集一起”。例证1However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate. 然而，随着迹象开始积聚，伦敦动物园的专家们感到有必要进行调查了。2 People tend to amass possessio
16、ns, sometimes without being aware of doing so. 人们倾向于积攒东西，有的并未意识到这样做。3. The teacher gathered the pupils round her. 老师把小学生们聚集在她周围。accurate, correct, exact, precise准确的；精确的辨析accurate强调“准确性，与事实无出，而且通过努力而使事情达到正确”。correct为一般用语，指“正确无误，符合某种标准”。 exact指“强调数量和品质的等极端准确地符合客观标准，有丝毫不差的意思”。precise指“在微小细节上高度精确地符合客观标准
17、，强调范围界限的鲜明性或细节的精密性”。例证1. Is this watch accurate? 这只表准吗?2. The description is correct in every detail. 每个细节的叙述都很准确。3. The exact date of the event has escaped me.我记不起这起事件的确切日期了。4. A lawyer needs a precise mind. 律师需要极清楚的头脑。accuse, charge控告；指控辨析accuse指 “当面指控或指责，不一定诉诸法庭”。charge指“因犯较大错误或重大罪行而进行正式法律控诉”。例证1
18、. The police accused him of stealing.警方控告他犯有盗窃罪。2. The tax collector has been charged with extorting money from several shopkeepers.收税员受到指控,罪名是向几个店主勒索钱财。achievement, accomplishment, feat成就;成绩辨析achievement指“完成一件异常危险或困难的事情，其结果是令人敬佩的，需要勇气和努力才能取得”。accomplishment 指“成就”，强调“一件事情已经做好了或已经完成了，但并不指一切完成的事，是指需要学
19、问或付出一定劳动后才能完成的事情”。feat 指“功绩”、“技艺，需要极大的勇气、智慧、力量或技术获得的成就，这一成就受人敬佩”。例证1.He made the greatest scientific achievement of the decade.他取得这十年的最伟大的科学成就。2. Dancing and singing were among her many accomplishments.她多才多艺，能歌善舞。3. Playing several chess games simultaneously while blind-folded is a remarkable feat.被
20、蒙着眼睛同时下几盘棋，这种技艺真了不起。acknowledge, admit, confess, own, recognize承认，认为辨析acknowledge 指“公开承认某件事的存在及其真实性，有时也指勉强承认一件以前不能公开的、没有被披露的或是已经遭到否认的事情、过错等”。admit指“承认，通常由于屈服外界的压力、说服、受自己良心的驱使或错误的判断力而不得不承认一件事实确凿、不可否认的事情，有时也指在争论中一方姑且让步。”confess指“正式供认自己的秘密，忏悔错误与罪行，表示谦逊和对别人的尊重”。own指“自认”。recognize指“正式承认具有某一特殊身份、地位、权利、义务、
21、事实或存在”。例证1. I acknowledge the truth of his statement. 我承认他说的是事实。2. He never admits that he is wrong.他从不承认自己错了。3.When the police questioned the man, he confessed. 警察审问这个人时，他坦白了。4. He owned the force of my argument.他承认我的论证有说服力。5.They recognized him as the lawful heir.他们承认他是合法的继承人。acquaint, inform, not
22、ify通知辨析acquaint指“使某人了解前所未知的事”。inform指“以任何方式直接告知”。notify指“官方正式通知”。例证1. The lawyer acquainted himself with the details of his clients business affairs.那位律师了解委托人生意上的详情。2.The sales manager asked his men to inform him of everything concerning the sales in time.销售部经理让他手下的人把关于销售量的情况及时报告他。3. Have the author
23、ities been notified of this? 当局是否已得知此事？acquisition, acquirement, attainment获得辨析acquisition是一般用语，指“用自己的努力和勤劳获得的东西”。特别指“物质的和外表的东西，如金钱、土地、财产等”。 acquirement “取得”、“才艺”，常指“精神上和智能上的获得物，如学问、音乐、绘画等”，以区别物质和外表的东西。attainment “学识”、“造诣”，指“较高的智商上的获得物”，侧重“使个人品性变得较为高尚的造诣”。例证1 The school has a valuable new acquisitio
24、n in Mr Smith.学校里来了个生力军史密斯先生。2. He is a man of uncommon acquirements.他是个才艺出众的人。3.She is a scholar of the highest attainments.她是造诣极高的学者。act, action, deed 行为，动作辨析act“行为，动作”，指“做出具体的动作或行为，强调单一性和完满性”。action“行为，动作，指动作和行为的多样性和复杂性，侧重于较长时间的过程方能完成的某一件事。”deed“行为，行动”，指“行为的单一性和具体性，带有理智的判断或决心，表示了不起的成就”。例证1. My fi
25、rst act was to run into the waiting room.我的第一个举动就是跑进候诊室。2. His decisive action turned the whole situation in our favour.他的果断行动使整个局势变得对我方有利。3. He is faithful in word and deed.他言行忠实可靠。acute, keen, sharp锐利辨析acute侧重“视察的深刻敏锐性、分辨的细致性”。keen侧重“敏锐”、“聪明”，有时还有“热心”的意思。sharp指“尖或刃的锐利，或言辞的刻薄”。例证1.He is an acute th
26、inker and often gives a clear analysis of the current situation.他是个深刻的思想家，对目前局势常有清晰的分析。2.She is a keen student of music.她学音乐非常热心。3.She was very sharp with me when I forgot my book.我忘了带书了，她把我训斥了一顿。adapt, adjust, fit, suit, match调整；调节；使适合辨析adapt指“修改或改变以适应新条件”。adjust指“稍作调整使完全符合或适应”。fit指“大小合适”。suit指“合乎需
27、要、口味、性格、条件和地位等”。 match指“大小、色调、形状、性质等方面的搭配”。例证1.She adapted quickly to the new climate.她很快适应了这种新气候。2 He adjusted himself very quickly to the heat of the country.他使自己很快适应了这个国家炎热的气候。3.Her new shoes didnt fit so she took them back to the shop and changed them for another pair.她那双新鞋不合穿,所以她去商店换了一双。4. Does
28、 this skirt suit me?这裙子我穿着好看吗？5. The curtains and the carpets match perfectly.窗帘和地毯十分谐调。adequate, enough, sufficient足够的辨析adequate指“仅够满足一种需要，没有任何富裕”。enough“足够的，充分的”，一般用词，意义上比sufficient的确切程度较差。sufficient指“数量、范围、力量或质量方面足以满足或恰好满足某一情况、用途或目的要求。”例证1. An adequate water supply for city people is already a pr
29、oblem no government can take lightly.给城市供给充足的水源已经成为所有政府不能掉以轻心的问题。2.They had just had enough time to swim out of danger when the boat again completed a circle.他们刚刚来得及游离险境,快艇又转了一圈。3. The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well as in line of its course are enough to give the
30、great bird with its immense wings sufficient sustenance and progress. 沿着船壁向上引导的以及与航行方向一致的气流足以给这种长有特大翅膀的大鸟以充分的支撑力和前进力。adhere, stick 紧密地、持续地粘连辨析如果坚持的是原则、计划、意见等，两者可以通用，但adhere的语气比stick更正式些。例证1. She adhered to her plan to leave early.她坚持自己的计划要早点动身。2. They vowed to stick by one another no matter what hap
31、pened. 他们发誓不管发生什么事，都要互相照顾。admonish, warn警告辨析admonish指“提醒某人可能会受到处罚”，语气较缓和。warn指“警告某人会发生某种不测或告之如何避免不测”，语气较重。例证1. He admonished those frantic football fans to change their wicked ways.他告诫那些疯狂的足球迷们改变那种捣蛋的做法。2. She warned me about the dangerous road, so I crossed it carefully. 她提醒我这条马路很危险，因此我过马路小心翼翼。adol
32、escent, teenager青少年辨析adolescent指“介于孩童和成年之间的男孩或女孩”；teenager指“介于13岁至19岁的年轻人”。例证1. He is only an adolescent boy.他只不过是一个青春期的男子。2. This is a club for teenagers.这是个青少年俱乐部。adorn, decorate, ornament装饰辨析adorn指“本来很美的东西，饰以另外的东西使其更美”。decorate指“用各种各样的图案、色彩、物品等使被装饰的东西焕然一新，以增加节日的气氛”。ornament指“以附属物衬托某物，使其更加美丽”。例证1.
33、 She likes to adorn herself with jewels.她喜欢佩戴珠宝。2. We decorate a street with flags. 我们用旗帜装饰街道。3. That pot is an ornament; we dont use it. 那个锅是个装饰品，我们不用。advantage, benefit, profit利益辨析advantage“利益、优越“，常指“优越的地位或有利的条件”。benefit“利益、恩惠”，指“个人或社会上的获益”。profit“利益”，侧重指“金钱上的得益，如利润、赢利”。例证1. Mary speaks good Engli
34、sh, but she has an advantage because her mother is English. 玛丽英语说得好，因为她有一个有利条件，她妈妈是英国人。2. It is said Yogo is of great benefit to human health.据说瑜咖功对人体健康有极大好处。3. This new invention will bring you great profits like a goldmine.这项新发明会像一座金矿一样给你们带来利润。affair, business, matter事情辨析affair指“事件,事情”，含义较广，泛指“已做或
35、待做的事”，复数常指“重大事情”。business指“事务”、“事情”，常指“商务、业务”，也可用于事情，强调“责任”或“有任务”。 matter指“事情”、“事件”，常指“需要考虑和处理的事情”，而不强调行动。例证1. The press exaggerated the whole affair wildly.新闻报道肆意夸张了整个事件。2I am tired of the whole business.我不愿再管这件事了。3. It is a matter of life and death.这是件生死攸关的事情。affect, effect, influence影响辨析affect“影响
36、”，指“某种变化，受影响或感染而引起感情波动”。effect指“对有影响”，强调“影响、效果或后果”。influence强调“对看法、行为、性格、气质等潜移默化的影响”。例证1. The slight change of weather can affect her delicate health 天气稍有变化就会影响她那脆弱而娇嫩的身体。2.The film has quite an effect on her. 这部影片对她影响极大。3. No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. 谁也不能避免受到广告的影响。affection
37、, love爱恋辨析affection侧重指“慈爱”，“不强烈的、较长期的爱”。love语气比 affection强，指“深情的爱”，常用于祖国、亲友、异性等方面。例证1. I like her, but feel no affection for her.我喜欢她，但并不爱她。2. She loved him to the day of her death.她至死不渝地爱她。agitate, upset, disturb使不安，使焦虑辨析agitate所指的“不安”会不可避免地表露出来。upset是最普通的用词，也最不正式，它强调“突然使人不安”，并不一定要有“不安”的外部表现。distur
38、b与upset用法比较接近，它侧重指“某人行动妨碍了别人正常秩序而使人不能安宁。例证1She was agitated by his sudden appearance at the party.他在聚会中突然出现，使她心烦一乱。2.She doesnt want to admit that she was deeply upset.她不想承认她感到极度不安。3.Dont disturb me. I am doing my homework.别打扰我，我在做功课。agony, distress, suffering, misery痛苦辨析agony指“肉体上或精神上的巨大痛苦”。distres
39、s指“精神上悲痛或造成痛苦的原因”、“身体上疼痛或不适”或“某种灾难所造成的痛苦或苦难”。suffering指“对痛苦的感觉和忍受”。misery指“在身体、精神或感情方面长期的极大痛苦或不幸”或“造成这种不幸的原因”，含“无希望解脱”的意思。例证1. The wounded man was in agony. 受伤的人很痛苦。2. The mother was in great distress when her baby became ill. 当她的小孩子生病的时候，母亲非常苦恼。3. There is so much suffering in this world.这个世界上多灾多难。
40、4. The failure of her second marriage was another misery to her.第二次结婚没有成功是她的另一段痛苦经历。alien, foreigner外国人辨析alien指“住在该国家，但不是该国公民的人，即侨民”。foreigner指“生于或来自他国者”，尤指“有不同语言、文化的人”。例证1. He is just an alien in the USA.他只是在美国的一个侨民。2. There are thousands of foreigners in Beijing.北京有成千上万的外国人。allege, claim 断言；宣称辨析al
41、lege指“没有证据或在发现证据之前做出断言”。claim指“宣称某事是真实的，即使是在有疑问或分歧或反对意见时”。例证1. The police allege that the man was murdered but they have given no proof.警方声称这男子是被人谋杀的,但未提出任何证据。2. Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea.渔夫和水手有时声称看到过海里的妖怪。alter, change, vary改变; 变化辨析change 是通用词，它有两层基本含义：“
42、变”和“换”。“变”可以指和原来的样子或性质稍有不同，也可以指有本质的差异。alter 所表示的“改变”只是细节的，或外表的变化，并不表示本质的改变。vary 一般表示转换、变易、增生所致的“变化”或“不同”。modify 主要用来表示有局限性的“改变”，当用于事物时，它所表示的“改变”，在程度上要大于 alter, 在用于人的态度时，它仅仅表示略加修饰，并不含有很大的变化。例证1At first, she decided to go to the police, but fearing that she would never see Rastus againthe letter had m
43、ade that quite clearshe changed her mind.起初，她决定去警察局，但是她由于担心再也见不到拉斯特斯了那封信说得相当清楚她改变了主意。2.He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered. 他可以温和地指责一个官员，或者甚至建议议会修改法律条款。3 The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint. 他所采取的行动，根据怨言的性质，而有所不同。4 T
44、he industrial revolution modified the whole structure of English society. 工业革命变革了英国的整个社会结构。alternative, choice, preference选择辨析alternative指“选择的范围受到限制，必须从两个或少数几个中选择一个”。choice是普通词汇，指“选择的机会或被选的对象，强调自由的选择”。preference指“根据自己的喜好而进行选择”。例证1. The way was blocked, so we went by an alternative road. 这条路被挡住了，因此我们
45、走了另一条路。2. What influenced you most in your choice of career?在你选择职业时，对你影响最大的因素是什么？3. It is entirely a matter of preference.这完全是个见仁见智的问题。altitude, height, elevation高度辨析altitude指“海拔高度”，尤指“超过海面的高度”，其复数指“高地”、“高处”。 height 是一般用语，指“从底部到顶部的距离”。elevation主要指“高出海面的高度”，又指“山”、“高地”。例证1.We are flying at an altitude
46、 of 20000 feet. 我们的飞行高度是20000英尺。2.Whats the height of the World Trade Center? 世界贸易中心有多高？3.The city is at an elevation of 2000 meters.这座城市海拔2000米。ambiguous, vague, obscure不明确辨析ambiguous指“两种或多种解释而使意义不明确”。vague指“模糊的，不明确的”。obsure指“某事物的意思含糊不清，或因知识缺乏而难解的”。例证1. “Look at those pretty little girls dresses” i
47、s ambiguous ,because it is not clear whether the girls or the dresses are “pretty”.“看看那些漂亮的小女孩儿的连衣裙”这句话有歧义，因为不清楚是“小女孩儿”还是“连衣裙”是“漂亮的”。2. Through the fog we saw the vague outline of a ship. 透过雾，我们看到船的模糊轮廓。3. His real motive for the crime remains obscure.他犯罪的真正动机仍不清楚。amiable, amicable亲切的，友好的辨析amiable指“人或其他生
