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1、第十三章结构转换译法 Conversion in English-Chinese Translation,13.1 两种语言的转换,13.2 兼动名词结构的翻译,13.3兼动形容词结构的翻译,13.4“抽象名词+of+实 体名词”结构的翻译,13.6“代(名)词所有格+抽象名词”结构的翻译,13.5“to be(as)of+抽象名词”结构的翻译,第十三章综合练习及参考译文,1)there be 2)be 3)give 4)have 5)make 6)take 7)find 8)pay 9)show 10)gain,第十三章重点,13.2.1 兼动名 词结构,13.2.4 兼动名词结构常见搭配,
2、13.2.2 兼动名词结构的翻译,13.4.1 抽象名词译成形容词作定语 13.4.2 抽象名词译成形容词作谓语,兼动名词结构常见搭配,13.7 其他类型的转换译法,第十三章 结构转换译法,13.1.1.语言内部词性、词语的转换13.1.2.语言内部结构的转换 13.1.3.语际间的转换,13.2.3 兼动名词结构在句中的位置,13.2.5“逻辑主语+兼动名词”结构,综合练习 1 综合练习2综合练习3 综合练习4,课堂互动 课堂互动 课堂互动 课堂互动课堂互动 课堂互动 课堂互动,注：O表示课堂互动序号,-end,3,语言是个无限生成、不断变化、相互转换的系统，这种生成、变化和转换有各自语言本
3、身内部的转换，也有不同语言相互间的转换；正是这样的生成、变化或转换才使得语言丰富发展起来。,第十三章结构转换译法 Conversion in English-Chinese Translation,4,一切翻译作品，可以说无一不是两种语言表达方式转换的结果。这种转换过程是一个复杂的、有意识的选择表达的过程，翻译作品质量的优劣，或者说翻译实践的成败，取决于这种转换手法是否恰当巧妙，转换活动是否成功有效。,5,要掌握英汉语言相互转换的规律，必须对英语和汉语进行对比研究，正确地理解英汉两种语言现象和表达方式的特点和差异，这些差异不仅是语言本身的特点、差别，还应包括在各自文化里的含义的特点和差别。结构
4、转换译法是一种可取的、常用的翻译技巧。,小节结束,6,语言的变化、转换主要分为:语言本身内部的转换指各自语言内部词语词性的转换和语言内部结构的转换；不同语言语际间的转换指不同语言相互间的转换。,13.1 两种语言的转换 Conversion of Languages,7,两种语言的转换,语言内部结构的转换,两种语言语际间的转换,语言内部词性、词语的转换,8,语言内部词性、词语的转换主要是通过改变词性、调整词序来进行。词性改变、词序调整后表达更为地道、自然，句意更加简洁、清楚，语言更加精彩、有趣，但原文的意思并没发生变化。如：The teacher deeply appreciates the
5、students work.【译文】老师十分赞赏学生的学习。,13.1.1 语言内部词性、词语的转换,9,该句的意思可用其他方式表示：The students work is deeply appreciated by the teacher.The teacher is deeply appreciative of the students work.The teacher is a deep appreciator of the students work.The teacher has a deep appreciation of the students work.The teache
6、rs deep appreciation of the students work,10,结构转换译法就是英语和汉语两种不同语言的生成、变化、转换规律在英汉翻译中的运用。这种规律既适应于英译汉，又适应于汉译英。,11,13.1.2 语言内部结构的转换,语言内部结构的转换主要指句子结构的转换。语言内部句子结构发生变化后，原来结构中的词性要发生相应的变化，如：,“主谓”结构“动宾”结构“主谓宾”结构,12,转换后的结构称为兼动名词结构，还有兼动形容词结构等。这种转换都是语言内部结构的转换，语言内部结构的转换实际上就是用不同的语言方式表达相同的意思。,13,13.1.3 语际间的转换,语际间的转换指
7、两种语言之间的转换。实际上就是把英语译成汉语的语言转换活动。语际间的转换就是在保证原文意思不变的情况下，译文改变词类，即把英语中的名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等汉译成其他不同的词类，两种语言的句子结构发生了变化。,小节结束,14,英语兼动名词，亦称“动作性名词”。兼动名词结构常见形式是：兼动名词+介词+名（代）词 即：v.-n.+prep.+n.(pron.)在英汉翻译中，兼动名词结构可同汉语的“动宾”结构相互转换，即把英语的名词转译成汉语的动词，把介词后的宾语汉译成宾语，或把整个兼动名词结构译成汉语的动宾结构。,13.2 兼动名词结构的翻译Translation of Verbal-
8、noun Structures,小节结束,15,13.2.1 兼动名词结构,The social system exists.the existence of the social system The sun rises in the east.the rising of the sun in the east Electrons move in orbits.the move of electrons in orbits Water expands when it freezes.the expansion of water when freezing,A.“主谓”结构（S-V struc
9、ture）“主-谓”结构的英语句子，可转换成“兼动名词+介词+名（代）词”的兼动名词结构。例如：,16,B.“动宾”结构（V-O structure）“动宾”结构的英语句子，同“主-谓”结构的英语句子一样，也可转换成“兼动名词+介词+名（代）词”的兼动名词结构。例如：,find an important manuscript the find of an important manuscript emphasize the quality of life the emphasis on the quality of life awaken the unawakened earth the aw
10、akening of the unawakened earth build up Chinas national defense the building up of Chinas national defense construct our socialism the construction of our socialism,17,C.“主谓宾”结构（S-V-O structure）“主-谓-宾”结构的英语句子，也可转换成“兼动名词+介词+名（代）词”的兼动名词结构，只是在其兼动名词结构前加上一个物主代词作为逻辑主语。例如：,I study English.my study of Engl
11、ish She visits Qingdao.her visit to Qingdao He possessed good fortune.his possession of good fortune He refused the invitation.his refusal of the invitation Premier Zhou received the foreign guests.Premier Zhous reception of the foreign guests,小节结束,18,13.2.2 兼动名词结构的翻译,兼动名词结构翻译成汉语的“动宾”结构，不但不改变原文的意思，而
12、且能使译文更加自然流畅。兼动名词结构翻译两大优点：把一个比较复杂的英语句子用极为简单的方法翻译出来，合乎逻辑，通顺自然。把其中的小品词比如像冠词、介词等都省略不译，简化翻译过程，无损原文。,19,【译文】这本书反映了我父亲那个时代的中国社会。,例1：The book is a reflection of the Chinese society of my fathers time.,兼动,动宾,20,例2：Today,we are still stirred by the sight of each flower and tree in the courtyard and each thing
13、 used by him.,【译文】今天，我们看到院子里的一花一木和他用过的每一件东西，仍很激动。,并 列,兼动,并 列,动宾,21,例3：The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.,【译文】看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。,兼动,并 列,动宾,动宾,22,例4：Expansion in business involves expenditure.,【译文】发展 商务拉动消费。,兼动,动宾,23,例1：He gave a vivid description of the batt
14、le.【译文】他生动地描述了这场战斗。例2：Mr.Pickwick was the impersonation of kindness and humanity.【译文】匹克威克先生表现了他的友善与仁慈。,补充例句,24,例3：She is a lover of Italian painting.【译文】她喜欢意大利画。例4：There were various possible players for the role.【译文】可能有好几个人要扮演这个角色。,小节结束,补充例句,25,课堂互动1：翻译下列句子,注意兼动名词结构的译法（参考译文）,1Only the thought of hi
15、s mother gave him the strength.【译文】只要一想到母亲，他就有了力量。2.The sight of the orphan always reminds me of his parents.【译文】看到这个孤儿，我总会想到其父母。3.Most boys have an inclination for sports.【译文】大多数男孩爱好体育活动。,26,4.The students are all on the tiptoe of expectation of the arrival of their international teacher.【译文】学生翘首盼望
16、外籍教师的到来。5.Failure in a required subject may result in the denial of a diploma.【译文】修不完必修课就可能拿不到学位。,课堂互动1：翻译下列句子,注意兼动名词结构的译法（参考译文）,27,6And if you think youll abandon meat and become a vegetarian,you have the choice of very expensive organically-grown vegetables or a steady diet of pesticides every tim
17、e you think youre eating fresh salads and vegetables,or just having an innocent glass of water!(New Concept English)【译文】如果你不想吃肉食品而成为一位素食者，那么你就选吃价格贵的有机培植蔬菜，或是当你认为在吃新鲜色拉和新鲜蔬菜，或饮用一杯无公害的水的时候，实际上你每次都在不断地吃进杀虫剂。,课堂互动1：翻译下列句子,注意兼动名词结构的译法（参考译文）,小节结束,28,【译文】一想起又能见到你，我十分高兴。,兼动,动宾,13.2.3 兼动名词结构在句中的位置,兼动名词结构还可以出
18、现在句中其他位置，作主语、表语、同位语、状语等句子成分。,例1:I was delighted at the thought of seeing you again.,29,例2:Mastery of a language requires painstaking efforts.【译文】学好语言非下苦功不可。,兼动,动宾,30,例3:An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.,【译文】掌握一点世界史，对学习时事是有帮助的。,兼动,动宾,动宾,兼动,31,例4：The study of
19、 behavior of every kind is a study of responses to situations and events.,兼动,兼动,【译文】研究每种行为就是研究对周围环境和事 件所产生的各种反应。,动宾,动宾,32,例5：A better understanding of the molecular structure of living organisms and of their functioning at molecular level gives prospects for entirely new possibilities.,【译文】更好地了解生物体的
20、分子结构及其在分子水平的功能，将为崭新的前景提供希望。,并列,动宾,兼动,并列,33,例 6:As the morning wore on the room became hotter,shefelt the need of a breath of fresh air and a drink of water,but did not venture to stir.(Theodore Dreiser:Sister Carrie),【译文】上午渐渐过去，屋子里越来越热，她很想 呼吸口新鲜空气、喝口水，可她一动也不敢动。,兼动,兼动,并列,兼动,动宾,动宾,并列,连动,34,例7：The appl
21、ication of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.,【译文】使用电子计算机可以大大提高劳动生产率。,兼动,兼动,动宾,动宾,35,例1：The adoption of this policy would free the labour relation groups of a tremendous loan.【译文】采取这种政策将会大大减轻劳动关系部门的负担。例2：The adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the p
22、ercentage of defective products.【译文】采用这种新装置可以大大地降低废品率。,补充例句,36,例3：The establishment of the new international economic order is the essence of his article.【译文】建立新国际经济秩序是他这篇文章的主题。例4：In the absence of accurate calculation,no reliance can be placed on these figures.【译文】计算不准确（没有准确的计算），这些数字不可靠。,补充例句,37,例5
23、：Everyone likes a good laughter;he brings good cheer with him wherever he goes;the very thought of him makes life more bearable.【译文】大家都喜欢笑的人，无论他到何处，都带着令人愉快的欢笑，一想起他就会使生活变得比较可以忍受的了。,补充例句,小节结束,38,1Basic science has not only come to the assistance of already existing empirical technology,it has often pr
24、eceded technological innovations.【译文】基础科学不仅求助于现存的以经验为基础的技术，而且还常先于技术革新。,课堂互动2：翻译下列句子，注意兼动名词结构在句中的位置（参考译文）,39,2While governments have recently started to devote far more funds to the fight against SARS,a growing number of critics warn that the money is still woefully inadequate.【译文】最近一些政府已经开始拨出更多的经费用于
25、抗击“非典”，与此同时却有数量日益增多的评论家告诉说，这方面的经费仍然是远远不够的。,课堂互动2：翻译下列句子，注意兼动名词结构在句中的位置（参考译文）,40,3He called it(=the sum of money)“a frankly ridiculous sum for protection against a problem(=AIDs)which many people in the West regard as the biggest threat to public health in this century.”【译文】他称这项拨款是“用于抗击艾滋病的荒谬绝顶的拨款，西方
26、世界的许多人认为这种疾病是本世纪公共健康的最大威胁”。,课堂互动2：翻译下列句子，注意兼动名词结构在句中的位置（参考译文）,41,4The greatest results in life are usually attained by simple means,and the exercise of ordinary qualities.The common life of every day,with its cares,necessities,and duties,affords ample opportunity for acquiring experience of the best
27、 kind.【译文】人生最大的成就通常是靠简单的方法和运用一般的才干获得的。普通的日常生活以及其中的忧虑、各种不可避免之事和种种职责提供了取得最好经验的充分机会。,课堂互动2：翻译下列句子，注意兼动名词结构在句中的位置（参考译文）,42,5“The sacrifice of our most cherished ideals is too great a price,”he said in March 1943 when Speer wanted to draft women for industry.Nazi ideology had taught that the place of the
28、 German woman was in the home and not in the factory and in the home she stayed.【译文】1943年3月，斯佩尔想要征招妇女进工厂做工，他却说：“放弃我们最珍视的理想，这个代价太高了！”纳粹思想要求德国妇女呆在家里，不要进工厂，结果德国妇女就一直呆在家里。,小节结束,课堂互动2：翻译下列句子，注意兼动名词结构在句中的位置（参考译文）,43,13.2.4 兼动名词结构常见搭配,英语兼动名词结构，如用在be,have,give,make,take,keep,pay,put,lay,show,maintain，find,g
29、ain 等谓语动词之后，常可将这些谓语动词略去不译。当然也不是绝对的，有时译出来则更好，但是多数情况下可省译。,44,例1:There must be a reformation of the old educational system.,【译文】必须改革旧的教育制度。,兼动,动宾,带兼动名词结构的there be句型中，there be、冠词 a、兼动名词结构中的介词 of均可省去不译，但是情态动词要译出意义来。,1）“there be+兼动名词”结构,45,例2：There must be a clear recognition of the principles of equality
30、 between states.,【译文】必须明确承认各国平等的原则。,动宾,兼动,46,例3:Of course,New York is the ideal place for such an interesting study,because there is no shortage of tall buildings.(:NCE,B.3),【译文】当然，纽约是进行这种有趣实验的一个理想地方，因为那里根本不缺乏高楼大厦。,动宾,兼动,小节结束,47,2）“be+兼动名词”结构,例1:It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single m
31、an in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.(Jane Austen:Pride and Prejudice）,【译文】一个有钱的单身汉必定想娶个妻子，这是众所周知的事情。,在系动词be+兼动名词结构中，be 一般不译意义只表明时态，但具体译法视情况而定。,兼动,动宾,48,例2:We are enemies of all wars,but above all of dynastic wars.,【译文】我们反对一切战争，特别是反对王朝战争。,并列,兼动,动宾,动宾,49,例3：It is a gesture of
32、recognition of your personal qualification and of the contribution which your country has made to international cooperation.,【译文】这表示 承认你个人的资格和贵国为国际合作所作的贡献。,并列,动 宾,兼动,兼动,并列,连动,50,例1：The college was to be for the education of priests and scholars.(Hu Wenzhong:College English)【译文】大学就是培养牧师和学者的地方。,补充例句,5
33、1,例2：My talk may appear to be a glorification of modern science and technology.(H.G.Casimir:Science and Technology in Developing Countries)【译文】我的讲话仿佛在赞美现代科学和技术。,补充例句,52,例3：Talking with his son,the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings.【译文】在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的错事。,补充例句,53,例4：Ps
34、ychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age.One of these is undue absorption in the past.The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigour from its vitality.【译文】从心理方面讲,人到了老年，有两种危险倾向需要注意防止。一是过分地怀念过去；另一件需要避免的是老想和年轻人呆在一起，希望从青年的活力中汲取力量。,补充例句,54,例5：
35、Therefore am I still A lover of the meadows and the woods,And mountains.(William Wordsworth:Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey)【译文】我仍然是那样地深爱着这里的草地，树林山岗。,补充例句,小节结束,55,课堂互动3：翻译下列句子，注意兼动名词结构在句中的位置（参考译文）,1Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves
36、.【译文】电视通过无线电波发送和接收活动物体的图象。2The result is a radical clarification of the entire energy issue.【译文】结果是彻底澄清整个能源问题。,56,3For we are lovers of the beautiful,yet simple in our tastes,and we cultivate the mind without loss of manliness.(Thucydides:History)【译文】我们有爱美之心而不求奢华，培养理智而不乏刚健。,课堂互动3：翻译下列句子，注意兼动名词结构在句中的
37、位置（参考译文）,57,4The introduction of new advanced techniques in the factory is under discussion today.【译文】在工厂采用新的先进技术的问题是今天的议题。,小节结束,课堂互动3：翻译下列句子，注意兼动名词结构在句中的位置（参考译文）,58,5Self-abasement and avoidance of offence to others are twin graces of old culture.【译文】自贬和避免言语伤人是旧文化的两大美德。,小节结束,课堂互动3：翻译下列句子，注意兼动名词结构在句
38、中的位置（参考译文）,59,3）“give+兼动名词”结构,例1：The book gives,as it were,a picture of the evil old society.,【译文】可以说，这本书揭露了罪恶的旧社会。,兼动,动宾,谓语动词“give”位于兼动名词结构之前，通常可略去不译，把兼动名词前的形容词汉译成副词，作状语，其余部分译法大抵与前面相同。,60,例2：At banquet,Premier Zhu gave a warm welcome to distinguished guests from various countries.,【译文】宴会上，朱总理热烈欢迎各国
39、贵宾。,兼动,动宾,61,例3：He promised to give his personal attention to the matter.,【译文】他答应亲自关注 这件事。,兼动,动宾,62,例1：He has a good grip on the situation.,【译文】她非常了解 情况。,4）“have+兼动名词”结构,兼动,动宾,兼动名词结构前的谓语动词“have”可略而不译，把兼动名词前的形容词汉译成副词，作状语，其余部分按顺序译出即可。,小节结束,63,例2:The speaker had a good knowledge of his subject,but coul
40、d not put it across.,【译文】报告人非常熟悉所讲问题，可就是讲不清楚。,兼动,动宾,64,例3:He has a warm affection for his motherland.,【译文】他深爱自己的祖国。,兼动,动宾,小节结束,65,例1:He has made a systematic study of English grammar.,【译文】他系统地学习过英语语法。,5）“make+兼动名词”结构,兼动名词结构前的谓语动词“make”可略而不译，兼动名词前的形容词可汉译为副词,作状语。,兼动,动宾,66,例2:We must make allowances fo
41、r his youth and inexperience.,【译文】我们必须体谅他年轻，缺乏经验。,并列,兼动,并列,动宾,67,例3:He showed with his eyes that he heard,but made no sign of assent or dissent.,【译文】他用眼神表示他是听见了，但没有 表示 同意还是不同意。,并列,兼动,动宾,并列,68,例4:The 19th century English critical realists made use of the form of novel for full and detailed representa
42、tions of social and political events,and of the fate of individuals and of whole social classes.,【译文】19世纪英国批判现实主义作家运用 小说形式全面细致地揭露社会和政治问题,描写个人和社会各阶级的命运。,兼动,并列,兼动,动宾,动宾,动宾,小节结束,69,6）“take+兼动名词”结构,例1:He takes great pleasure in playing tennis.,【译文】她特别喜欢 打网球。,谓语动词“take”在兼动名词结构前可略而不译，把位于兼动名词之前的形容词汉译成副词，作状
43、语。,兼动,动宾,70,例2:As a result we are taking a close look at many startling possibilities.,【译文】最终我们将密切地注意那些可能发生的令人惊喜的事。,兼动,动宾,71,例3:Bill refused to take the responsibility for the accident.,【译文】比尔拒绝承担那次事故的责任。,兼动,动宾,小节结束,72,例1：I find great satisfaction in her improvement.,【译文】我非常满意她的进步。,7）“find+兼动名词”结构,谓
44、语动词“find”在兼动名词结构前可略而不译，把位于兼动名词之前的形容词汉译成副词，作状语。,兼动,动宾,73,例2：Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.,【译文】火箭已经用来探索 宇宙。,兼动,兼动,连动,动宾,74,例3：The Einsteins idea of 1913 found a glorious vindication in the invention of the laser.,【译文】爱因斯坦的1913年的观点在发明 激光器时，得到了有力的证实。,兼动,兼动,动宾,动宾,小节结
45、束,75,8）“pay+兼动名词”结构,例1：Please pay more attention to your work.,【译文】请多加注意你的工作。,兼动,动宾,76,例2：He pays another visit to Vienna.,【译文】他再次访问 维也纳。,兼动,动宾,77,例3：For the purpose of supporting agricultural production,China has paid special attention to the growth of local industries.,【译文】为了支援农业生产，中国政府特别 注意 发展 地方
46、工业。,兼动,兼动,连动,动宾,小节结束,78,9）“show+兼动名词”结构,例1：The author showed great sympathy towards these people.,【译文】作者非常同情这些人。,兼动名词结构前的谓语动词“show”可省译，把兼动名词前的形容词汉译成副词，作状语。,兼动,动宾,79,例2:The weather showed no sign of clearing.,【译文】天气看不出有放晴的迹象。,动宾,兼动,80,例3:His work is showing signs of improvement.,【译文】他的工作看来有起色。,动宾,兼动,
47、小节结束,81,10）“gain+兼动名词”结构,例1：The king gained possession of more lands.,【译文】国王拥有很多土地。,兼动,动宾,兼动名词结构前的谓语动词“gain”可略而不译，把兼动名词前的形容词汉译成副词，作状语。,82,【译文】从所有这些人身上，马克吐温敏锐地认识了人类，认识了人们言与行之间的差距。,动宾,动宾,例2:From them all Mark Twain gained a keen perception of the human race,of the difference,并列,兼动,between what people
48、claim to be and what they really are.,83,例1:The mayor made inspections of the plants.【译文】市长视察了这些工厂。例2:They made an offer of$5,000 for the car.【译文】他们花 5千美元买了这辆小车。,补充例句,84,例3:The next news bulletin,shorter than usual,made no mention of the demonstration.【译文】下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到 游行。,补充例句,85,例4:She is doing
49、 her practice at the piano.【译文】她正在练钢琴。例5:She has a liking for apples.【译文】她喜欢吃苹果。例6:With a great effort she took control of herself.【译文】她尽力控制住自己的情绪。,补充例句,86,例7:Do you give credit to his story of what happened?【译文】你相信他讲的过去所发生的事吗？例8:He has already made mention of the matter in his speech.【译文】他在讲话中曾提到过这
50、件事。,补充例句,87,例9:The students took advantage of the fine weather today to go out on a picnic.【译文】学生们利用今天的好天气出去郊游。,补充例句,小节结束,88,例10:With minor variations,they all make use of the same chemical machinery.【译文】他们都使用相同的化学机制，存在着微小的差异。,补充例句,小节结束,89,课堂互动4：翻译下列句子，注意谓语动词后兼动名词结构的搭配（参考译文）,1.On hearing the news,pe
