《单机游戏运行常见问题.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《单机游戏运行常见问题.ppt（102页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、http:/奇迹单机版,Speakers and topics,Hilton J.Klein,M.S.,V.M.D.Overview and introductionKathryn A.L.Bayne,M.S.,Ph.D.,D.V.M.Review of commonly cited facility problemsJames F.Taylor,D.V.M.,M.S.Design of facilities-the AAALAC perspectiveStephen T.Kelley,M.S.,D.V.M.Performance standards and facility design a
2、nd operation,Hilton J.Klein,M.S.,V.M.D.Overview and introduction,What is a program?,Rising costs of researchand research trends,Rapidly increasing R&D costs,New targets from genomics,Flexibility and adaptability,Research trends of animal useDog and monkey use-USDA reports show declineRodent useInsti
3、tution dependentAcademic vs.industryNIH/PHS funding increasesOverall/general animal useAnimal regulationsDog,monkey space and care-U.S.;Europe,Flexibility and adaptability(Contd),FutureRegulation of rats,mice,birds-space?Operational issuesEnergyMaintenanceNew technologiesTransgenics and new speciesG
4、enomics and proteomicsOther drivers for the way animals are usedSocial,Facilities operation and design,Scientific programsLaboratory animalsVeterinariansEngineersCommunity,Building considerations,Research objectivesNew construction Renovation Flexibility and adaptabilityUtilities useAdjacenciesOpera
5、tional costs,Operation and design tools(Some examples),Information sharing-networkComputer aided designComputational fluid dynamics,Information and management,An Integrated Database for Managing Animal Study Proposals and Animal Inventory for the Small Animal Facility.T.Calzone,J.S.Montijo,M.B.St.Cl
6、aire,and E.Lamoreaux.2001.Lab Animal 30(2):28-31.A Comprehensive,Bar Coded System for the Management of Animal Information in a Research Facility.C.Pryor,D.Frankenfield,H.Klein,W.Terpeluk,S.Washington,N.T.Mourad.2001.Lab Animal 30(2):36-38.Software for Lab Animal Facilities.G.Novak and T.Schub.2001
7、Lab Animal 30(2):39-43.,Conclusion:renovations or construction will require systems for information management access and retrieval for effective colony and facility management.,Design and operational considerations,QualificationPerformance standards approachFactory acceptance testing(FAT)Dirty cage
8、 set upMicrobiology testsPhysical testingInstallation qualification(IQ)Operational qualification(OQ),Performance standards,Performance standards define an outcome in detail and provide criteria for assessing that outcome,but do not limit the methods by which to achieve that outcome.,Standards used,G
9、uide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals(NRC 1996)EEC 86/609CoE ConventionNational legislationReference resources(“Ag Guide,”AVMA Panel on Euthanasia,etc.),Hager Hauler,Summary and conclusions,As demand for animal space changes,we must design,construct,and operate facilities in a flexible and
10、 adaptable manner.The use of R&D resources is rising as new therapeutic targets are identified.,Summary and conclusions(Contd),Animal research resources are coupled to R&D and we must determine strategies to address operational issues through facility design and automation-performance standards.Team
11、 approaches are highly effective for scientists,administration,engineers,lab animal to address and solve space and operational issues.,Summary and conclusions(contd),Certain future areas in lab animal facilities opportune for change include:Room design and layoutFacility design and layoutNew technol
12、ogical advancesAutomation,Kathryn A.L.Bayne,M.S.,Ph.D.,D.V.M.Review of commonlycited facility problems,Over 640 accredited institutions.,in 18 countries,Proportion of accredited unitsBy facility size(sq.feet),Animal care and useprogram deficiencies,Facilities mandatory deficiencies,1.Facility HVAC2.
13、Facility safety3.Facility maintenance4.Facility sanitation,5.Facility design 6.Facility illumination7.Facility storage8.Facility security,The top three deficiencies,IACUC functionOccupational health and safety programHeating,ventilation and air conditioning system performance,HVAC mandatories(Ranked
14、 in order of most common),1.Data not available at site visit2.Not maintaining temperature range3.Not maintaining air changes(ventilation)4.Not maintaining humidity range5.Not meeting recirculated air standards6.Animal room temperature and humidity not monitored,Common HVAC findings,Air exchange rate
15、(10-15 ach)Relative humidity levelsAir recirculation/filtrationAir pressure differentials,HVAC purposes(Guide),Supply adequate oxygenRemove thermal loadsDilute gaseous and particulate contaminantsAdjust moisture contentCreate static-pressure differentials,Space,temperature and humidity criteria,Dry
16、bulb temperatureAdjustable+/-2Fixed,minimum 66F or 68FIndividual room or zone,Space,temperature and humidity criteria,Relative humidityAdjustable or fixed,30-70%RHIndividual room or zone,HVAC purposes(NIH Ventilation Design Handbook),Balance air quality,animal comfort and energy efficiency to provid
17、e cage environments that optimize animal welfare and research efficiency.Provide a healthy and comfortable environment for researchers and animal caregivers.,Factors,Room sizeAir change ratesPressurizationType and location of diffusersType and location of racks/cages,Factors,SpeciesBedding typeCage
18、change frequency,Contains:,Details on codes,regulations and standards.Laboratory animal facilities planning and design including architectural finishes and costs issues.Overview of equipment and mechanical systems.,Available in CD ROM or Spiral Bound book.,James F.Taylor,D.V.M.,M.S.Design of facilit
19、ies the AAALAC perspective,Critical elements for success,Define what the facility needs to accomplishProvide flexibility to accommodate future needsKnowledgeable users and A&E/planners:Plan,program,design,and constructDefine decision making matrixConsider operational and life-cycle costsReview,revie
20、w,review!Constantly focus on Achilles heelsInclude commissioning/validation,Program needs,Animal procedures-vivarium or laboratoriesSurgical or diagnostic radiography suitesIn-house diagnostic needs Need for floor drainsContainment/contamination controlImaging requirementsSizing major installed equi
21、pmentImpact of design on labor costs,Separation of functions,Animal ops from personnel areasDisease-status separationSpecies conflicts/incompatibilitiesNoise,Operational adjacencies,Established colonies vs.new arrivalsCage sanitationCage storage/cage stagingProcedure roomsSurgical suite and associat
22、ed support spacesLoading dock and associated in/out functionsIndirect adjacencies requiring accommodation,Horizontal vs.vertical design,ElevatorsStairwaysSecurityWindows/external lightMechanical systems distributionSupport columnsSecurity,Traffic flow vs.efficiency of design,System of corridorsConta
23、inment/contamination controlSafety and security(emergency egress)Personnel entering or using facilityAnimal resource staff;research staff Maintenance/service staff;VisitorsAccess to support spaces(offices,training)Horizontal versus vertical construction,Facility integrity considerations,SeismicVibra
24、tionExternal water-vertical&horizontalInherent insulationAcoustic controlFloor loading considerations,Institutional infrastructure,ElectricalCentral steam&chilled waterWater and sewage systemsCommunicationsSecurity,Facility maintenance,Interstitial space=max.flexibilityAvoid maintenance devices abov
25、e animal room drop ceilingsConsider space/access for repair of allinstalled equipment!,Mechanical systems,Design HVAC for worst case Dedicate to animal facilityProvide component redundancy Ductwork integrity(minimal leakage)Air pressure differential control needsRH control(none,zone,room-by-room)Add
26、itional exhaust needs,Floor drains,Drain diameter/grating criticalLocation Center vs.side;trench vs.surfaceObviously should be low point of roomCap drains in infrequently used rooms Consider installed but capped as contingency,Ventilation characteristics,Computational fluid dynamicsAir supply diffus
27、ersExhaust grilles-number and locationRoom exhaust filters to protect HVAC Pressure differentialsStability of temp and RH control,Floors,Chemical and wear resistanceLife cycle cost-maintenance burdenEpoxy,seamless vinyl,MMA,terrazzo,tileSurface preparation and cure times!Provide continuous coveInsta
28、ller expertise is paramount,Walls,Structural requirements(caging systems)Space(and renovation)costs of CMU versus RFPNoise controlLife cycle cost-maintenance burdenEpoxy,tile,RFPSurface preparation and cure times!,Ceilings,Bottom of floor above or suspendedAccess requirementSanitizabilityIntegrity i
29、mpact upon pest control program,Wall guards-bumpersDoor jamb guardsCorner guardsInterior curbs,Fit and finish protection,Critical dimensions,Door heights and widths(net clearances)Cage wash equipment chamber(H&W)Elevator door heightsAutoclave height,width and depthCorridor widths+turning radiuses at
30、 corners,elevator lobbies,etc.Corridor devices&other protuberances(signs,fire extinguishers,telephones,etc.),Doors,Avoid hollow doors(pest management)Door hardware-long-term integrity is criticalHingesDoor closuresDoor handle designSecurity(electric strike)Metal versus fiberglass versus wooden,Elect
31、rical system,Early identification of high-demand equipment Emergency(stand-by power)needsHVACEmergency lightingEmergency egress;surgery/ICU areasAnimal holding;outlets for equipment Perimeter and internal securityAssure sufficient distribution,placement and number of outlets,Illumination,Dual light
32、levelsFixture placement relative to rack positions to maximize cage level illuminationLight-cycle automation minimizes inadvertent lighting errors,Cage wash,Consider automation for large facilitiesConsider equipment throughput capacities versus manpower costsSolid waste management-soiled beddingErgo
33、nomics of cage wash tasks deserve priority treatmentPersonnel safety and comfort deserve priority consideration Assure adequate space around machines for maintenance and repair!,Critical elements for success,Define what the facility needs to accomplishProvide flexibility to accommodate future needsK
34、nowledgeable users and A&E/plannersPlan,program,design,and constructDefine decision making matrixConsider operational and life-cycle costsReview,review,review!Constantly focus on Achilles heelsInclude commissioning/validation,Stephen T.Kelley,M.S.,D.V.M.Performance standards and facility design and
35、operation,AAALAC International uses recognized references for performance standards,Examples of references which address facility design and operation,Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals,1996,National Research Council,National Academy of Sciences.Animal Welfare Act-9 CFR Chapter 1,Subch
36、apter A,Animal Welfare.Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories,4th Ed.,1999,HHS Publication No.(CDC)93-8395.,References(Continued),Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Research Animals,1997.National Research Council,National Academy of Sciences.Guide for the Care an
37、d Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching,Federation of Animal Science Societies,First Revised Edition,January 1999.,References(Continued),Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals,Canadian Council on Animal Care.Vol.1,1993.Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental
38、Animals.Canadian Council on Animal Care.Vol.1,1993.,References(Continued),European Convention for the Protectionof Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimentaland Other Scientific Purposes.Council of Europe(Convention ETS 123),1985.Council Directive on the Approximation of Laws,Regulations and Administr
39、ative Provisions of the Member States Regarding the Protection of Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes.European Union(Directive 86/609/EEC),1986.,Evaluation criteria,Performance vs.engineering,Evaluation responsibility,Institutional Animal Care and Use CommitteeFacility manage
40、mentEngineering,Operational considerations,Size of the programNature of animal useSpeciesFlexibility requirementsGeographical location&environmentFacility type and construction,Facility locationand traffic patterns,Security,Public accessSignsLocks and other measures,Traffic-reduce potentialfor conta
41、mination,Personnel areas,Clerical/office areasRest rooms/locker roomsEating areas,Animal species,Species requirements Microbiological statusContainment,Support functions,Surgery Dedicated?Procedure NecropsyCage WashReceivingLaboratories,Maintenance,Identification of deficienciesPrioritization of rep
42、airConducting repairsDocumentation of the maintenance program,Surfaces,Walls,ceilings,floorsFrequency SpaceMaterials and methods,Heating ventilationand air conditioning,MonitoringPersonnelManual/automaticTemperature&humidityAir flow directionEvidence of animal abnormalitiesFrequencyMaintenanceOperat
43、ional aspects,Heating ventilation and air conditioningSpecial requirements,Biosafety and fume hood maintenance and certificationNecropsyInhalant anesthetics,Plumbing,MonitoringDrinking water systemsSanitation water systemsDrains,Illumination,Light timers(timer overrides)Light intensityNatural lightO
44、bservational conditions,Noise,Animal issuesPersonnel safety issuesOperational issues,Storage facilities,Adequacy Appropriate for use or separationFoodBeddingClean cagesChemicals,Sanitation facilities,Prevent cross contaminationControl aerosols-personnel protectionMonitoring effectivenessMaintenanceU
45、se of vacuumsUse of chemicals,Standard operatingprocedures and training,The key element necessaryto assure high levels of performance standards:Well trainedand dedicated personnel,Case studies,Case Study#1HVAC,ObservationSite visitors conducted a site visit at a respected,small research institute co
46、nducting infectious disease studies involving Biosafety Level 2 agents.There were a total of six(6)animal rooms housing either rats or mice.The HVAC report below was provided as an attachment to the program description.,Follow up,All rooms were sanitized at weekly intervals by wet-mopping the floor
47、and wiping the walls down with an appropriate mild quaternary ammonium disinfectant.Cages were sanitized appropriately twice weekly.Bedding was also changed once in a hood between cage sanitation cycles.Upon entering the rooms,site visitors observed the following cage and stocking densities,Follow u
48、p,Room 1101 rats-4 plastic cages(2/box)Room 1202 rats-8 plastic cages(2/box)Room 1303 mice-15 plastic cages(3/box),Room 1404 mice-12 plastic cages(2/box)Room 1505 mice-10 plastic cages(4/box)Room 1606 rats-8 shoebox cages(2/box),Suggestion for improvement,Case Study#2 Elevator access,ObservationA si
49、te visit to a large university biomedical research program indicated that a small colony(n=25 adults)of macaques was housed in the top floor of a“satellite”building.The research involved behavioral testing and brain imaging which was conducted in separate laboratories within the same building.The be
50、havioral test lab and the imaging lab were accessible only by an elevator which was also used to transport non-laboratory personnel.Cage washing facilities were located in the basement of the building.,Findings,The macaques were specific pathogen free and were known to be CHV-1(Herpes“B”virus)negati
