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1、Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University (pharmacy/f/nursing/f); construction sites: the North West side of mountain road, Chun Fai Road, Lianyungang city, belonging to frame; 5 floors; the West part of the nursing 1 underground; refractory grade, building height: 25.45m; standard floors: 4.5M t
2、otal area: 13979 square time: 251 days. This project consists of Jiangsu run investment development company building, Shanghai even architectural design, exploration of geological engineering exploration Institute in Lianyungang city, Jiangsu Province, continuous supervision limited supervision in L
3、ianyungang city, Jiangsu Yulong building construction engineering company limited; the Song Shipei as project manager, Song Shijiang served as technical director. Second deployment, overall planning and construction (a), the overall plan for the project taking into account the construction duration,
4、 quality, security and contract requirements, so the options, should fully take into account the following points: 1, frame structures designed to make structures safer and reliable, reasonable cost. 2, and under the conditions provided for in the regulations of use within the time limit, to fully m
5、eet the expectations of safety and durability. 3, selection of materials, and strive to achieve common GM, working capital use, ease of maintenance and repair. 4 when the structural model, we could achieve a clear force, structural measures in place, lift ride down easy, easy to check; 5, based on t
6、he above points, the erection of scaffolding, JCJ59-99 check the standard requirements must be met to comply with the related chemical related standards of civilization. 6, with the above scaffolding design principles, combined with the actual situation of the project, considering the previous const
7、ruction experience, decided to adopt the following scaffolds programme: steel floor scaffold (b), security in the process of construction of the leading group, at the peak of construction, the construction team in crossed operations, safety monitoring should be strengthened, and set a number of safe
8、ty monitoring. Horizontal and vertical transport of materials to set up the temporary warning area, triangular flag with red and white fences. Beware of construction personnel. Set up to project manager as the head of the leading group of security to improve site safety protection at work, this Pane
9、l agencies, staffing, and the Division of responsibilities are as follows: Song Shipei (Project Manager)-group leader, coordinates the work of command; Xu Yunxu (Builder)-Member, responsible for site construction command, technical clarification; Sun Dacheng (Security Officer)-Member, responsible fo
10、r on-site safety inspections; Zhao Guangrong (workers monitor the shelf)-Member, responsible for site construction; Third, the erection process and construction technology of steel tube landing landing the scaffold the scaffold process is: ground levelling, tamping Foundation bearing capacity of exp
11、eriments, materials equipment positioning settings through long hand, base pole longitudinal sweeping the rod horizontal sweep the rod scissors small bar-the bar wall protective railing Pu scaffold pierced safety net. Fixed positioning. Four corners according to structural requirements in buildings
12、with a ruler, measure the inner and outer pole distance from the wall, and mark steel tape measure straight, separate the pole position with a small bamboo pole marked; Base plate, should be accurately placed on the positioning line, plate must be covered with .Kangda College of Nanjing Medical Univ
13、ersity (pharmacy/f/nursing/f); construction sites: the North West side of mountain road, Chun Fai Road, Lianyungang city, belonging to frame; 5 floors; the West part of the nursing 1 underground; refractory grade, building height: 25.45m; standard floors: 4.5M total area: 13979 square time: 251 days
14、. This project consists of Jiangsu run investment development company building, Shanghai even architectural design, exploration of geological engineering exploration Institute in Lianyungang city, Jiangsu Province, continuous supervision limited supervision in Lianyungang city, Jiangsu Yulong buildi
15、ng construction engineering company limited; the Song Shipei as project manager, Song Shijiang served as technical director. Second deployment, overall planning and construction (a), the overall plan for the project taking into account the construction duration, quality, security and contract requir
16、ements, so the options, should fully take into account the following points: 1, frame structures designed to make structures safer and reliable, reasonable cost. 2, and under the conditions provided for in the regulations of use within the time limit, to fully meet the expectations of safety and dur
17、ability. 3, selection of materials, and strive to achieve common GM, working capital use, ease of maintenance and repair. 4 when the structural model, we could achieve a clear force, structural measures in place, lift ride down easy, easy to check; 5, based on the above points, the erection of scaff
18、olding, JCJ59-99 check the standard requirements must be met to comply with the related chemical related standards of civilization. 6, with the above scaffolding design principles, combined with the actual situation of the project, considering the previous construction experience, decided to adopt t
19、he following scaffolds programme: steel floor scaffold (b), security in the process of construction of the leading group, at the peak of construction, the construction team in crossed operations, safety monitoring should be strengthened, and set a number of safety monitoring. Horizontal and vertical
20、 transport of materials to set up the temporary warning area, triangular flag with red and white fences. Beware of construction personnel. Set up to project manager as the head of the leading group of security to improve site safety protection at work, this Panel agencies, staffing, and the Division
21、 of responsibilities are as follows: Song Shipei (Project Manager)-group leader, coordinates the work of command; Xu Yunxu (Builder)-Member, responsible for site construction command, technical clarification; Sun Dacheng (Security Officer)-Member, responsible for on-site safety inspections; Zhao Gua
22、ngrong (workers monitor the shelf)-Member, responsible for site construction; Third, the erection process and construction technology of steel tube landing landing the scaffold the scaffold process is: ground levelling, tamping Foundation bearing capacity of experiments, materials equipment position
23、ing settings through long hand, base pole longitudinal sweeping the rod horizontal sweep the rod scissors small bar-the bar wall protective railing Pu scaffold pierced safety net. Fixed positioning. Four corners according to structural requirements in buildings with a ruler, measure the inner and ou
24、ter pole distance from the wall, and mark steel tape measure straight, separate the pole position with a small bamboo pole marked; Base plate, should be accurately placed on the positioning line, plate must be covered with .江西资溪高速公路建设项目SG-2标段基础及下部构造施 工 方 案四川公路桥梁建设集团有限公司一分部一工区桥梁基础及下部构造施工方案1 工程概况K17+4
25、16.2(K17+418)岭头上大桥位于高阜镇溪南村境内,桥梁左线全长为607.4m,设计为(20*30m)装配式预应力连续箱梁;下部结构113、18、19号墩设计为柱式墩,基础为钻孔桩基础,桩径均为1.8、2.3m,共30根;1417号墩设计为矩形实心墩,最大墩高49m,基础为钻孔桩基础,桩径均为1.5m,共16根;0#桥台基础为坐板台、扩大基础,20#桥台基础为柱(肋)式台、4根桩基础。 右线全长667.8m,设计为(22*30m)装配式预应力连续箱梁;下部结构1、2、413、1921号墩设计为柱式墩,基础为钻孔桩基础,桩径均为1.8、2.3m,共30根;3、1418号墩设计为矩形实心墩,
26、最大墩高46.5m,基础为钻孔桩基础,桩径均为1.5m,共24根;0#桥台基础为坐板台、扩大基础,20#桥台基础为柱(肋)式台、6根桩基础。2 施工人员及机械设备配置2.1人员配置岭头上大桥由桥梁二队负责施工。根据本工点特点以及相应的工程数量,合理配置劳动力资源,拟安排上场测量工班、钻孔工班、钢筋工班、砼工班、木工工班、电工工班、综合工班7个工班,各工班专业技术工人数比例控制在75%以上,根据工程需要适时调整,上场总人数为76人。施工人员配置见表1。表1岭头上大桥施工配置表序号工 种数 量1钻孔工102爆破工53钢筋工84电焊工45砼 工86架子工47模板工58砌石工89修理工210电 工21
27、1装载机司机112挖掘机司机113各种汽车司机314拌合机司机215配料机司机116测量人员317试验员118安全员119质检人员120技术人员221管理人员4合计762.2机械设备配置挖掘机械及装载机械已进场,进行便道施工及场地平整工作;计划于2014年2月28日前完成临时供电线路的架设,钻孔机械进场满足钻孔施工需要。施工机械配置见表2表2 岭头上大桥施工机械设备表序号设 备型 号生产能力单位数 量性 能1冲击钻机GJD150063KW台3良好2汽车起重机QY1625t台2良好3装载机ZLM502.8m3台1良好4变压器台2良好5插入式振动器台6良好6发电机GF120120KW台1良好7潜水
28、泵QY154KW台1良好8挖掘机PC200台1良好9砼搅拌输送车JC-6台4良好3 主要材料进场及计划本工程前期用材料已备足,按照“提前准备、略有富裕、保证供应、加速资金周转、做到工完料尽”的原则,根据总工期、各分项工程工期的安排和工程量的情况,拟订每月材料使用计划,及时保送有关部门做为材料领取、采购供应依据。4 施工进度安排施工准备:2014年2月11日2014年2月28日,共18天,本阶段完成征地拆迁及三通一平工作、完成施工队伍及设备的调遣进场、完成临时驻地、临时便道、临时供水、供电设施和砼搅拌站的建设。桥梁必须达到施工条件。桥梁基础及下部结构:2014年3月1日2015年3月31日,共3
29、96天。桥梁基础及下部分项工程进度计划安排见表3。表3 主要项目施工进度计划表序号工程项目开工时间完成时间工期(天)1桩基2014.03.012014.06.01 1222系梁、承台、墩身2014.04.012014.12.302753盖梁、支座垫石 2015.01.012012.3.31905 施工方案、施工方法 选定原则:在满足安全、质量、施工进度的前提下,要讲求经济效益,尽量采用低造价的施工方法。根据现场条件,进行科学地组织、合理地机械配置、安全地施工。5.1钻孔灌注桩施工岭头上大桥钻孔前的准备工作主要包括桩位放样,平整场地、布设施工便道、设置供电及供水系统、制作和埋设护筒,钻机就位,泥
30、浆制备、材料准备和其他准备工作等。钻孔桩施工工艺流程见图1图1 钻孔桩施工工艺流程图5.1.1测量放线 利用桥梁测量控制网放出桩基中心点位,并进行复测做好标记,引测钻孔桩位十字护桩。5.1.2埋设钢护筒护筒内径选用大于桩径200mm的钢护筒,本桥选用直径2.0m的钢护筒。埋设护筒时必须采用十字相交法定位。要求护筒的埋置深度在旱地或筑岛处宜为24m,对有冲刷影响的河床,护筒宜沉入施工期局部冲刷线以下11.5m。桩基处在旱地,埋设护筒前先用挖掘机将桩位开挖,然后埋设护筒,护筒的四周必须夯填密实,保证在冲钻进过程中不要发生大的位移。主要技术要求:钢护筒直径:桩径1.80m的采用2.0m,钢护筒长度为
31、2.0米,壁厚68mm。护筒中心与桩中心重合,允许误差为50mm,竖直线倾斜不大于1%。护筒安装不变形。护筒长度不够时,分节接长,连接处要求筒内无突出物,并且要耐拉、压,不漏水。护筒高度高出地面0.3m以上,高于地表最高水位1.52.0m以上,并采用稳定护筒内水头的措施。5.1.3钻机就位采用冲击钻机进行冲孔,钻机性能良好,钻锤重量不得轻于4.5吨,钻锤上应焊制扫孔器,其直径不得小于设计桩径。钻机安装后的底座和顶端要平稳,在钻进中不得产生位移,在钻进过程中不得移位,钢丝绳与桩中心线要重合(允许误差2cm)。5.1.4冲孔钻进成孔质量是保证桩基质量的基本条件,在开钻前所有的准备工作要完善,要有完
32、善的泥浆循环系统,经报检合格后,方可允许开钻。开钻时的孔位要准确。开孔前应先往护筒内多加些粘土,如地表土层疏松,还应加入一定数量的片石,然后注入泥浆或清水,借钻头的冲击把泥膏、片石挤向孔壁,以加固筒脚。在开钻时,要慢速钻进,待导向部位或钻头全部进入地层后,方可加速钻进。在钻进的过程中必须要加强泥浆护壁,对于特殊的地质要采取针对性的处理措施: 在砂、卵石地层中钻进时,应多加入粘土,增大泥浆比重。冲程可大些。在淤泥层中钻进时,适量投入片石,用小冲程将片石挤进孔壁加固,防止坍孔或缩孔。在通过漂石层或遇探头石时,应先回填片石、粘土,再用钻锤大、小冲程交替冲击,以将漂石冲碎成钻渣或挤进孔壁,在此过程中,
33、应防止斜孔和坍孔。在钻进过程中,如发现泥浆面冒出大量细小气泡,进展突然变慢,孔底标高回升等现象,说明是坍孔。首先应仔细分析,查明原因和位置,然后进行处理。轻者,可多投入粘土,加大泥浆比重,提高孔内水位,继续钻进;重者,须用粘土加片石回填至坍塌部位以上0.5m重钻。当遇有钻孔漏浆时,如护筒内水头不能保持,应增加护筒埋深,适当减少水头高度,或采取加稠泥浆,也可填入水泥、锯木、片石、碎卵石土,反复冲击,以增强护壁。主要技术要求:开孔时位置要准确,在整个钻孔过程中保证钢丝绳与桩位重合(要求每次交接班时对钢丝绳进行对中绞核,误差2cm)。钻进作业要连续进行,钻孔记录要及时填写(正常钻进时时间间隔最多不超
34、过4小时),还要随时控制泥浆稠度。要注意地层变化,在地层变化处均要捞取渣样(捞取渣样要求:地质变化处必须取样;正常钻进每2m取一次;对于嵌岩桩,接近分化层时每0.5m取一次;嵌岩桩进入分化层必须报检确认方可继续钻进。渣样提取后存放在小塑料袋中,并表明取渣时间、标高和渣样名称,以便查看,判明后记入记录表中并绘制地质柱状图。钻孔深度达到设计孔深后(对于嵌岩桩,孔深至少超深设计孔深5cm,并要嵌入岩层设计深度),采用专用测绳进行孔深检测,检孔器(外径不小于桩孔直径、长度宜为外径的46倍)对孔径、倾斜度进行检察。钻孔桩成孔质量标准见下表。项目规定值或允许偏差钻孔桩孔的中心位置(mm)群桩:100;单排
35、桩:50孔径(mm)不小于设计桩径倾斜度(%)钻孔:1%;挖孔:0.5%孔深(m)摩擦桩:不小于设计规定支承桩:比设计深度超深不小于0.05沉淀厚度(mm)摩擦桩:符合设计规定。设计未规定时,对于直径1.5m的桩,200;对桩径1.5m或桩长40m或土质较差的桩,300支承桩:不大于设计规定:设计未规定时50清孔后泥浆指标相对密度:1.031.10;黏度:1720Pa.s;含砂率:2%;胶体率:98%5.1.5首次清孔成孔后立即进行第一次清孔,在清孔排渣时,必须保持孔内水头,防止塌孔。造浆粘土含砂率高时,采用泥浆旋流器进行清孔。5.1.6钢筋笼绑扎、安装和导管(1)钢筋笼制作钢筋笼的制作尺寸按
36、照设计图纸进行,嵌岩桩的钢筋笼长度按照实际孔深制作。所用钢筋笼长度小于25m时均进行整体安装,不做另段吊装组合。所用钢筋笼长度大于25m时钢筋笼分节制作,在安装时进行组合。钢筋笼经检查合格后方可允许安装,钢筋笼的分节接头采用单面搭接焊。制作钢筋笼时,对钢筋的调直、除锈、截断、弯折与焊接均按设计图纸和技术规范要求进行。钢筋笼的主筋尽量为整根,需要对接时,采用机械连接接头。成品钢筋笼保证其顺直、尺寸准确,其直径、主筋间距、箍筋间距及加强箍筋间距施工误差应符合桩钢筋安装允许偏差。钢筋笼制作前应进行技术交底,将钢筋的长度、根数、分节长度、接头形式、位置交底清楚。(2)钢筋笼安装主要技术要求:安装钢筋笼
37、时含砂率不得大于2%,沉渣厚度不得大于20cm。在骨架外侧设置控制保护层厚度的垫块,其间距竖向为2m,横向圆周不得少于4处。焊接质量:钢筋采用搭接焊,双面焊接时焊缝长度不小于5d,单面焊接时焊缝长度不小于10d,焊接时不得烧伤母材,焊接接头的抗拉强度不低于钢筋本身的强度。同一截面内钢筋接长根数不得超过该截面桩身主筋根数50%。焊接质量检查,焊接接头应以300个同牌号、同形式接头作为一批,不足300个时按一批,每批随机切取3个接头,做拉伸试验。焊条选择:HPB235级钢筋采用E4303(J422)焊条,HRB335级钢筋采用E5016(J506)焊条。钢筋笼在吊装的过程中不变形。接头焊好经报检检
38、查合格后方可入孔。焊工必须持证上岗。钢筋笼的定位:控制顶面高程采用吊筋焊接在护筒四周(吊筋长度=护筒顶标高桩顶标高),控制平面位置采用将泥浆抽至桩顶进行定位,定位准确后焊接保护筋割掉十字加强筋。检测管要求高出桩顶20cm,并注满清水,接头处密封不漏水。检测管上下设置堵口。钢筋笼安装完毕后安装导管,导管事先必须要做水密试验,保证导管的水密性良好,在安装导管时注意:丝扣处要刷洗干净并涂抹黄油,检查垫圈完好后拧紧,保证不漏水。安装导管的过程中安装顺序和长度要记录编号,作为灌桩拆管的依据。5.1.7二次清孔导管安装完成后,利用导管进行二次清孔,在灌注砼前,泥浆的性能指标必须满足规范要求,即含砂率2%,
39、比重1.031.1,黏度1720pa.s。5.1.8桩身混凝土灌注 混凝土由项目部拌合站集中拌制,由混凝土运输车运至浇筑现场,要保证混凝土不出现漏浆、失水、离析等现象。水下混凝土坍落度应控制在1822cm范围内,混凝土运至浇筑地点后发生离析、泌水或坍落度不符合要求时,应进行第二次搅拌,二次搅拌时不宜任意加水,确有必要时,可同时加水、相应的胶凝材料和外加剂并保持其原水胶比不变;二次搅拌仍不符合要求时,则不得使用。每浇筑一次混凝土应制取试件检验其在标准养护条件下28d龄期的抗压强度。不同强度等级不同配合比的混凝土应分别制取试件,试件应在浇筑地点从同一盘混凝土或同一车运送的混凝土中随机制取。每一单元
40、结构物应制取不少于2组。 视孔底及附近孔壁渗入的地下水的上升速度大小确定混凝土的浇注方法。当地下水的上升速度大于6mm/min时,采用导管法在水中灌注混凝土;上升速度小于6mm/min时,采用空气中灌注混凝土桩的方法施工。水下混凝土灌注水下灌注混凝土采用导管法,导管用直径300mm的钢管,壁厚4mm,每节长2.02.5m,配12节长11.5m短管,由管端粗丝扣连接,接头处用橡胶圈密封防水,灌注砼前要进行水压试验,检查接头处密封情况。进行水密试验的水压应不小于孔内水深1.3倍的压力。混凝土浇注架由型钢做成,用于支撑悬吊导管,吊挂钢筋笼,上部放置混凝土漏斗,混凝土由进料斗经储料斗倒入漏斗,并随即卸
41、入导管直接浇注。同时以一台吊车配合钻架吊放拆卸导管。桩底至导管底端间距,一般为0.30.4m,本桥桩基直径为1.8m,最长桩基20m(水面高出桩顶2m),首批混凝土的数量应能满足导管首次埋置深度1.0m以上的需要。根据公式V=D2/4*(H1+H2)+ d2/4*h1H1取0.4m,rw取2.4(KN/m3),rc取1.1(KN/m3)计算得首批混凝土所需数量,浇筑混凝土时的大料斗应满足施工需要。1、安设导管(导管底部与孔底之间留出300500mm空隙) 2、悬挂隔水栓,使其与导管水面紧贴;3、灌入首批混凝土4、剪段铁丝,隔水栓下落孔底;5、连续灌注混凝土,上提导管6、混凝土灌注完毕,拔出导管
42、图2隔水栓式导管法施工程序图654321浇注时先灌入首批混凝土,其数量经过计算,能把泥浆从导管中排出,并能把导管下口埋入砼,其深度不少于1.0m;开导管用混凝土隔水栓,隔水栓预先用8号铁丝悬吊在混凝土漏斗下口,当混凝土装满漏斗后,剪断铁丝,混凝土即下入到孔底,排开泥浆;随着浇注连续进行,随浇随拔管,中途停息时间不超过15min,在整个浇注过程中,导管底部伸入灌注砼内至少2m,且不得大于6m,利用导管内混凝土的超压力使混凝土的浇注面逐渐上升,上升速度不低于2m/h,灌注高度比设计桩顶标高高出0.5m1.0m。护筒待砼抗压强度达到5mpa时拆除。隔水栓式导管法施工程序见图2。5.2承台、地系梁施工
43、5.2.1承台施工测量放样承台施工时,应根据平面尺寸和高程准确定位;模板安装完成后,测量人员要校核,确保位置准确。 基坑开挖桩身砼达到一定的强度后进行基坑开挖。在基坑开挖线以外5m处设置纵横向截水沟将地表水排入天然水沟。基坑排水采取在基坑四周设排水沟及集水坑,并由专人负责排除基坑积水,严禁积水浸泡基坑。采用挖掘机放坡开挖,坑底预留30cm人工清底。并根据地质情况,设置木桩或钢管桩等临时支护措施,防止边坡坍塌。凿除桩头、桩基检测破桩头前,应在桩体侧面用红油漆标注高程线,以防桩头被多凿,造成桩顶伸入承台内高度不够。破除桩头时应采用空压机结合人工凿除,上部采用空压机凿除,下部留有1020cm由人工进
44、行凿除。凿除过程中保证不扰动设计桩顶以下的桩身砼。桩头应凿至新鲜混凝土面,并保证无松散层,要有足够的强度,严禁用挖掘机或铲车将桩头强行拉断,以免破坏主筋。将伸入承台的桩身钢筋清理整修成设计形状,复测桩顶高程,进行桩基检测。桩头凿完后应报专业监理工程师进行验收,并经超声波等各种检测合格后方可浇筑砼垫层。基底处理承台底部虚土、石渣、杂物清理完成后,按设计要求浇筑0.2m厚C20封底混凝土,防止承台在浇筑砼过程中产生不均匀沉降。测量放样在垫层上准确定出承台四个角点的准确位置,并根据定出的点位放出立模线。钢筋绑扎承台基坑经检验合格后,立即浇筑基础垫层砼。钢筋绑扎应在垫层砼达到设计强度75%后进行。在垫
45、层面上弹出钢筋的外围轮廓线,并用油漆标出每根钢筋的平面位置。承台钢筋集中加工,现场进行绑扎,底层承台钢筋网片与桩身钢筋焊接牢固;搭设钢管架绑扎、定好上层承台钢筋和预埋于承台内的墩身钢筋位置。安装模板承台模板宜采用大块钢模,吊车配合安装。模板安装在钢筋骨架绑扎完毕后进行。采用绷线法调直,吊垂球法控制其垂直度。加固通过型钢、方木、拉杆与基坑四周坑壁挤密、撑实,确保模板稳定牢固、尺寸准确。墩身预埋钢筋的绑扎在模型立设完毕后进行,根据模型上口尺寸控制其准确性,采用与承台钢筋焊接,形成一个整体骨架以防移位。浇注砼灌注混凝土采用混凝土拌合站集中拌合,罐车运输,混凝土采用借助溜槽放入基坑,插入式振捣器振捣。
46、混凝土浇筑时要检测混凝土的塌落度、含气量及入模温度,并做好记录,同时按规定预留试块进行同条件养护,以试压确定同龄期的混凝土实体强度。混凝土的浇筑环境温度昼夜平均不低于5或最低温度不低于-3,局部温度也不高于+40,否则采用经监理工程师批准的相应防寒或降温措施。在下层混凝土初凝或能重塑前浇筑完上层混凝土。混凝土自由下落高度不得超过2米,否则应使用溜槽或串筒。混凝土分层浇筑,分层厚度每层厚度不超过40cm。振捣采用插入式振动器,振捣时严禁碰撞钢筋和模型。振动器的振动深度一般不超过棒长度2/33/4倍,振动时要快插慢拔,不断上下移动振动棒,以便捣实均匀,减少混凝土表面气泡。振动棒插入下层混凝土中51
47、0cm,移动间距不超过40cm,与侧模保持510cm距离,对每一个振动部位,振动到该部位混凝土密实为止,即混凝土不再冒出气泡,表面出现平坦泛浆。承台混凝土浇筑至顶面时,要对墩身位置进行放样,根据放样轮廓线,检查预埋的墩身钢筋,保证墩身钢筋位置准确。与墩身接缝处理在墩台施工前,将与墩身接触的承台顶面浮浆凿出,露出石子,冲洗干净,整修连接钢筋。养生在混凝土浇筑完成并且初凝后,予以洒水养护保证混凝土表面经常处于湿润状态。大体积承台混凝土养护应及时按温控技术措施的要求进行保温养护。塑料薄膜、草袋作为保温材料覆盖混凝土,有必要时采用内降外保的方法,在混凝土中埋设循环冷却水管,降低混凝土内部温度;外部搭设暖棚,采用各种措施升高混凝土四周的环境温度,既能降低混凝土的降温速度又能改善混凝土内部和表面的温差。混凝土内部前15天温度波动较大,最高温度多数发生在浇筑后的3天左右。当混凝土内部与表面温差过大时,就会产