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1、,Chapter3&4 名词和冠词,content,1.名词的种类,2.名词的数,3.名词的复数形式,4.名词所有格,名 词,5.名词作定语,1.名词的种类,名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词(Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。,普通名词的类别,1.个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。2.集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：fami
2、ly。3.物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。4.抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如:work。,2.名词的数,2.1 专有名词的数,专有名词用于复数1）表示某姓的一家人Are the Smiths coming to the party tonight?2）表示同名或同姓的若干人或物There are two Marys in our class.There are several Cambridges in the world.,2.2 物质名词的数,当物质名词转化为个体名词时，可数。Strike t
3、he iron when it is hot.We supplied electric irons.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。The English do not drink much wine.It was a delicious French wine.,当物质名词表示份数时，可数。Our country is famous for tea.Two teas,please.个别物质名词可以用于复数表示比原意范围更加广阔的意义。The children are playing on sands.They were not allowed to fish in the near wa
4、ters.,2.2 物质名词的数,（沙滩）,（海域）,2.3 抽象名词的数,当抽象名词转化为个体名词时，可数。例如Beauty is only skin deep.His mother was a great beauty in her youth.当抽象名词前有限定词修饰，表示特指时，可数。例如The general led his army to victory.He had a narrow victory in the elections.,2.4 集体名词的数,1）一些表示无生命物的集体名词，如machinery,equipment,merchandise,furniture,jew
5、elry,clothing等，通常用作单数。New machinery was introduced in this factory.The furniture in the room has been made to order.,2）某些有生命物的集体名词，如people,police,cattle,poultry（家禽）,vermin（害虫）,bacteria等，通常用作复数。The police are investigating the crime.Such vermin as bugs and rats are hard to get rid of.,2.4 集体名词的数,2.4
6、集体名词的数,3）不少集体名词，若视为整体，则作单数看待；若视为一个个成员，则作复数看待。(see p.44)His family isnt a big one.The family were having a chat in the living room.,2.5 不可数名词量的变化,有些抽象名词和物质名词可以兼作个体名词。物质名词、抽象名词和某些集体名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。(see p.47)a glass of water；a piece of advice;a piece of furniturean article of clothing,2.6 不可数名词的量化表示,修饰
7、可数名词复数:many,a good/great many，a good/great/large number of修饰不可数名词:much,a great deal of,a large amount of两者都可修饰:a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a great/large quantity of,quantities of,a large sum of,3.名词的复数形式,1）有些常用名词和外来词有不规则的复数形式，如：mouse;crisis;medium;stimulus;phenomenonmice;crises;media;stimuli;phenomen
8、a,3.1 不规则的名词复数形式,3.1 不规则的名词复数形式,2）有些名词单复数同形，如：deer,sheep,fish;aircraft;Chinese,Japanese;species,means,offspring;li,jin,yuan等。Im a Chinese.The Chinese are industrious and brave.注意：除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar,two dollars;a meter,two meters,3.1 不规则的名词复数形式,3)合成词的复数形式第一个词素变复数如：daughters-in-law,
9、lookers-on第一个和最后一个词素都变为复数如：menservants,women doctors最后一个词素变复数如：boy friends,toothpicks,grown-ups,stand-bys;firemen,以-s结尾，但通常视为单数的词1）某些学科的名称，多以-ics结尾如：physics,mathematics,statistics,politics等2）某些疾病的名称如：measles,diabetes,AIDS,mumps,bronchitis等,3.2 某些以-s结尾的名词,3）某些游戏的名称如：cards,darts,bowls,draughts/checker
10、s(A.E),billiards等。4）news，summons(传票)等虽以复数形式出现，但不表示复数意义的词 如：Good news goes on crutches；ill news flies apace,3.2 某些以-s结尾的名词,5）某些书名、报纸名、杂志名、地名、国名、组织名及建筑物名，虽以复数形式出现，但表示的是一个事物，所以谓语动词须用单数。The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book.When was the United Nations established?,3.2 某些以-s结尾的名词,以-s 结尾，通常视
11、为复数的词1）由两部分构成的物体的名称，如：The scissors are dull.But they are my only pair.注意：如果这类名词前用了a pair of等，则往往视为单数。如：A pair of scissors is lying on the table.,3.2 某些以-s结尾的名词,2)以-ings结尾的名词，如：All my belongings are in the bag.3)以复数形式出现有特殊意义的词，如：Philippine authorities are investigating the incident.Middle East peace
12、talks are doomed to fail.但也有少数仍视为单数，如：Hong Kong customs has participated in this project.,3.2 某些以-s结尾的名词,4.名词所有格,4.1 名词所有格的形式,1）表示有生命物体的名词后用s，无生命的一般用of结构 the boys bagthe cover of the book2）复合名词或短语，s 加在最后一个词的词尾。a month or twos absence3）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示“分别有”；只有一个s，则表示“共有”。Johns and Marys rooms（两间）J
13、ohn and Marys room（一间）4）在表示店铺、教堂或某人的家时，s所有格后面常常省略它所修饰的名词。the barbers 理发店,4.2“s”与“of”两种所有格的区别,只能用“s”的所有格形式1）在表类别或属性时，如childrens booksa womens college2）在某些成语中时within a stones throw（近在咫尺）3）当名词中心词之后带有同位语时，如The salesmans brother,a postman,was here this morning.,4）表示时间、距离、价格、国家城市等地方、集体或机构的名词之后也用s所有格。today
14、s newspaperChinas reform and opening-up,4.2“s”与“of”两种所有格的区别,只能用“of”的所有格形式1）当名词后面跟有后置修饰语时Do you know the opinion of the committee appointed a few days ago?2）当名词是由“the+adj.”构成时The rulers paid the least attention to the welfare of the poor.3）当所有格结构表示同位关系时the name of Kate,4.2“s”与“of”两种所有格的区别,名词所有格除表示“所有
15、关系”外，还可有一些特殊意义。如表示主动关系、被动关系、同位关系以及特征。Johns gift to Mary was a watch.（主动/主谓关系）TV is bad for Childrens education.（被动/动宾关系）the city of Paris（同位关系）He has a doctors degree.（特征/类别）,4.3 名词所有格的一些特殊意义,1)构成：(a,this,that,few,some,three)+名词+of+名词所有格名词性物主代词2)意义：表示整体中的一个或部分。3)of前面的名词通常有一个不定冠词、数量词（包括some,few等）或指示代
16、词修饰。that girl of your brothers.（不能是the）4)of后面的名词必须是确定特指的，且一般指人。some books of the teachers（不能是a）,4.4 名词双重所有格,of前面的名词有this,that等词修饰时，可表示欣赏或厌恶的口吻。That wife of Mr.Lis is constantly complaining.,4.4 名词双重所有格,4.5 名词的双重所有格与“of+名词”结构之间的区别,句子所表达的侧重点不同。试比较：He is a friend of my fathers.He is a friend of my fath
17、er.of前面是picture等词时，含义不同。试比较：This is a picture of my mothers.This is a picture of my mother.,（着重说明“父亲”的朋友不止一个）,（着重说明“他”是父亲的一个朋友）,这是我母亲收藏的一张照片。,这是我母亲的一张照片。(照片中的人是我母亲),5.名词做定语,5.名词作定语,通常用单数形式，说明中心名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。a diamond ring a meeting roomevening suitsthe kitchen window;a story book beauty cont
18、est,但有少数名词作定语时仍以复数形式出现。1）表示特定意义时本身就是复数形式的名词。savings account customs officer2）有些复数名词作定语可看作复数名词所有格作定语的省略，一般表示对象，如：teachers college girls shop3）man,woman修饰复数名词时men engineerswomen doctors,5.名词作定语,4）dozen,score,hundred,thousand,million等，表示具体数目（即有数词修饰）时，用单数形式；表示笼统数目时，用复数形式。two-dozen eggs两打/二十四个鸡蛋 dozens o
19、f times 许多次,5.名词作定语,名词作定语与其同根形容词作定语的区别：a gold watch=a watch made of gold a golden watch=a watch looking like gold 名词作定语多表明内容或实质，形容词作定语则常用来描述其特征。,5.名词作定语,名词作定语与名词所有格作定语的区别：名词作定语强调“类指”，而名词所有格则表示“特指”。a garden chair花园用的椅子your governments policy你们政府的政策如果放在句中，其区别就更明显：Please dont put the dogs food under th
20、e tableDog food costs as much as meal前句 dogs food，特指给某一条狗食用的。后者指类别，即供狗食用的食品，并非只给某条狗食用。,5.名词作定语,不定冠词,冠词,定冠词,零冠词,不定冠词的用法和位置,定冠词的用法和位置,零冠词的用法,三种冠词的类指用法比较,冠 词,冠词的类别,不定冠词(Indefinite article):a,an只可以和单数可数名词搭配定冠词(Definite article):the置于单数可数名词、复数可数名词和不可数名词之前零冠词(zero article)通常与复数可数名词或不可数名词搭配，用以泛指一类人或物,不定冠词的
21、用法（1）,泛指用法:指某人或某物，意为a certainA car is waiting at the gate.A Mr.Lin is waiting for you.,不定冠词的用法（2）,类指用法泛指一类人或物，意为any,everyA knife is a tool for cutting with.A child needs love.泛指一个人的职业、宗教、身份等His father is a carpenter.Is the visitor a Christian?,不定冠词的用法（3）,指量用法表示一个，意为oneA stitch in time saves nine.和表示
22、时间或度量衡的名词连用，意为perTake the medicine three times a day.用在和数词hundred,thousand,million以及名词dozen,score等连用There are a dozen eggs in the basket.表示”同一”、“相同”Things of a kind come together,so do people of a mind.（物以类聚，人以群分）,不定冠词的用法（4）,用在不可数名词前，表示一种Mao-tai is a famous Chinese wine.一场，一阵It was a just war.一次，一例，
23、一份I want a strawberry ice-cream.,不定冠词的用法（4）,用在不可数名词前，表示引起某种情绪的人或事He is a shame to his family.The work has been a great joy.某种品质的具体行动、人或东西Would you do me a favor?You were a great help to us.,不定冠词的用法（5）,用在某些固定短语中如：as a matter of fact,in a hurry,in a word,不定冠词的位置,正常语序为：不定冠词+形容词+名词用在such，what，many，half等
24、词之后I have never seen such an animal.Many a man is fit for the job.用在as(so,too,how)形容词之后Ive never met so nice a girl.It was too good an opportunity to miss.We can see how serious a problem it is.They are as happy a couple as Ive ever seen.(他们是我见到的最幸福的一对。),不定冠词的位置,quite，rather与单数名词连用，a/an放在其后。但当名词前还有形
25、容词修饰，a/an放在其前后均可。He is rather a fool.It was rather a cold day/a rather cold day.在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当表语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后。Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes.,定冠词的用法（1）,类指用法the+单数可数名词，表示一类人或物The rose is a fragrant flower.the+adj./p.p,表示某一类人或某一类的事情或概念The young are impatien
26、t;they want changes.The unexpected always happens.The Welsh are well known for their singing.the+集体名词或复数名词，表示一定的阶级、阶层、党派或团体He says he keeps away from the lawyers and the doctors.,定冠词的用法（2）,特指用法特指双方都明白的人或物Take the medicine.上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.Ive been to the house.指世上独一无二的事物the sun，the sky，th
27、e moon，the earth,定冠词的用法（2）,特指用法用在序数词和形容词最高级之前，有时也可用于形容词比较级之前The shorter of the two boys is my brother.用在only,very,same,sole,next,last之前Thats the very thing Ive been looking for.,定冠词的用法（2）,特指用法特指人体部位，相当于物主代词She grabbed me by the arm.(=She grabbed my arm.)用在带有限制性后置修饰语的名词之前 I like the film I saw yester
28、day.与复数名词连用，指整个群体：I saw two of them last night.(指他们中的两个)I saw the two of them last night.(指他们两个),定冠词的其他用法,用在某些由普通名词构成的专有名词前 the Yangtze River,the Security Council用在表示乐器的名词之前 She plays the piano.用在剧院、电影院之前They go very often to the cinema but they very seldom go to the theatre.,定冠词的其他用法,用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，
29、指一家人或两夫妇the Greens用在表示方位的名词之前The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.用在测量单位前面，表示“每”（each/per）Some factory workers are paid by the hour.,定冠词的其他用法,用于逢“十”的复数数词之前，指世纪中的几十年代He was not in China in the 1930s.用在单数可数名词前，表示其属性、功能或有关的抽象概念等Dont play the fool.()Peter is too fond of the bottle.(),装傻,嗜酒、贪杯,
30、定冠词的其他用法,用在the morethe more的结构中The more he gets,the more he wants.用在惯用语中the day after tomorrow，in the distance,on the whole,by the way,定冠词位置,定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all，both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。Both the customers are from America.I would have gladly paid twice the money for the beauti
31、ful car.,零冠词的用法（1）,特指用法零冠词职位名词He will be elected president.零冠词表示家庭成员的单数名词/nurse,cook,teacherMother says that we should help him.零冠词专有名词(国名，人名，语言、报刊名 p.73)England,Paris,Shakespeare,零冠词的用法（2）,类指用法零冠词物质名词，泛指一类人或物Snow is white.零冠词抽象名词，表示一般的抽象概念She cared little for social life.零冠词复数可数名词，表示一类人或物Those youn
32、g men are teachers,not students.,零冠词的其他用法,在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；Winter in South China is not so cold.October 1st is our National Day.但 festival 前须加 the.如：After New Years Day，the Chinese people are preparing for the coming Spring Festival.在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词have breakfast，play chess 但有
33、形容词修饰的三餐前要加aan 如 have a quick breakfast在表示使用何种交通工具的by-词组中，交通工具名称前无冠词by bus，by train;by air,by sea在一些并列名词词组前，常不加冠词（p.80）Please pass me pencil an paper.We are brother and sister.,零冠词的其他用法,用在表示抽象意义或一般意义的时间名词前Roosters crow at sunrise and sleep at sunset.用在turn,go(作“变成”解)之后作补语的名词前He has gone socialist.,零
34、冠词的其他用法,用在大部分疾病名称前She is in hospital with pneumonia(肺炎).用在作呼唤语或感叹语的名词前Stay where you are,girl!Poor fellow!He broke his leg.用在as引导的让步状语从句 中Child as Tom is,you cant fool him.,零冠词的其他用法,在独立主格结构中，名词前一般不加冠词He sat at the table,coat off,head down,and pen in hand.用在(a)kind/sort/species of等表示类属的结构中What sort o
35、f book do you want?,零冠词的其他用法,有些个体名词不用冠词，如：school，college，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court 等，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义（某种行为）My son has gone to school.I am going to the school to see the headmaster.My son usually go to bed at nine oclock.Lie down on the bed.,零冠词的其他用法,不用冠词的序数词序数词前有物主代词 It is my firs
36、t time to make a speech.序数词作副词He came first in the race.在固定词组中 at(the)first,first of all,from first to last,三种冠词的类指用法比较,语体的差异：“the+单数名词”常用于正式语体。The/A horse is a useful animal.Horses are useful animals.词汇意义的差异（1）：a/an作类指通常是指一类中的任何一个，因此下面的例子中不用a。The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.The telephone
37、 was invented in 1876.,三种冠词的类指用法比较,词汇意义的差异（2）：用复数名词作类指可以表示同一类属中的不同种类或个体，因此下面的例子中不能用另外两种结构。Soldiers wear uniforms.Flowers are not sold here.,冠词的重复,如果两个名词指两个人或物，通常在各个名词前都要用冠词I met a journalist and an author in the club.有些名词通常成对出现，被视为一体，一般只用一个冠词There is a horse and cart in front of the tree.如果两个名词指同一个人
38、或物，或指整体的同一部分，一般只用一个冠词Have you seen the red and white roses over there?,冠词的其他用法问题,在某些名词前使用不同冠词，词汇意义有差异。out of question 根本不可能out of the question 没有问题The student in _ front of me is intelligent.There is a picture in _ front of the book.Some people like to talk at _ table.An old man is sitting at _ tabl
39、e.,/,the,/,the,人名前用冠词的意义,A Mr.Brown wants to see youThey thought he was a Zhuge LiangThe painting on the wall is a Rembrandt墙上的这幅是伦勃朗的作品。He was the Homer of his ageHes sitting in the Ford他坐在福特牌汽车里。A few minutes later he was met by an anxious Miss Smith几分钟后焦急的史密斯小姐向他迎了上来。,冠词使用中的易错点,表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前一般
40、加定冠词the;但如果名词前有修饰语，也可能用不定冠词a,an。the world,a peaceful world the moon,a bright moon表示一日三餐的名词前面一般不用冠词，但前面如果有了定语修饰，也可能用不定冠词a,an。Have you had supper?We had a wonderful supper.,冠词使用中的易错点,表示乐器的名词前一般用定冠词the,但前面如果出现定语修饰，也可能用不定冠词a,an。He starts his day by playing the violin.He is playing a borrowed violin.介词与表示交通工具的名词连用表示笼统的方式，前面一般不用冠词，但如果名词的前面出现了修饰语，前面需加冠词。He went to the station by car.He went to the station in a black car.,冠词使用中的易错点,表示语言的名词前一般不用冠词，但后面如果出现language一词，前面需加定冠词the。English=the English language French=the French language,Thank you!,
