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1、,代词及其指代一致,第四讲,4.1代词的指代 4.1.1 that的指代作用 that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词（如是复数，用those），后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的that of。如,1.Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener,and it calls for occasional“digestive pauses”by both.这里that指代前面的the role。,2.No bread eaten by men is so s
2、weet as that earned by his own labor.此处that指代前面的bread.,4.1.2 one的指代作用 one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复数为ones。the one指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如：,A good writer is _ who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.A that B he C one D this,4.1.3 do的替代作用do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。如：For him to be re-elected,what is essential is not tha
3、t his policy works,but that the public believe that it does.,4.2 代词指代一致问题 代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致，或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致 4.2.1 指示代词的一致 指示代词that 和those 的用法之一是代替上文中的名词，此时，that和those 所对应的分别为单数形式的名词和复数形式的名词。,The diameter of this star is nearly ten times that of the Earth.这颗恒星的直径差不多是地球直径的十倍。Compare Chopins
4、 waltzes with those of today.将肖邦的华尔兹舞曲同今天的华尔兹舞曲进 行比较。,4.2.2 人称代词的一致 人称代词应该与它在句中所对应的名词或代词在数、人称、性、格等方面保持一致。Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm,and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect.这里he指代前面的person。（人称的一致）,It was during the 1920s that the friendship between the two Ameri
5、can writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.这里its指代前面的两人的friendship。,Our department was monitored by two supervisors,Bill and me.这里me必须用宾格形式。（格的一致）,4.2.3 不定代词的一致 1）当不定代词everybody,everyone,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nobody,no one 等作主语时，与其对应的人称代词的主格、宾格、和所有格形式，在正式文体中分别为he(or she
6、),him(or her)和his(or her),在非正式文体中分别为they,them和their:如：,Anyone can do it if he or she tries/if they try.如果大家都肯试试，人人都能做的。If somebody calls,tell him/them I am out.要是有人打电话来，告诉他/他们我出去了。Has everyone finished his or her/their drink?每个人都喝完酒了吗？,2）当不定代词one 作主语时，与其对应的人称代词的主格、宾格和所有格形式，在英国英语中分别为one,one和ones,在美国英
7、语中分别为he,him和his:,If one wants to be a success,one/he must work diligently.想要成功，就必须勤奋工作。What ought one to do when a beggar asks one/him for money?当一个乞丐向一个人讨钱时，这个人该怎么办？One should do ones/his duty.每个人都应当尽职。,3）当不定代词everything,something,anything,nothing等作主语时，与其对应的人称代词的主格、宾格和所有格形式分别为it,it和its:,Nothing has
8、 been damaged,has it?什么都没损坏，是不是？Something has happened,and I want you to tell me about it.出事了，我要你告诉我是怎么回事。Everything is good in its season.当令果子趁鲜卖。,4）当具有单数和复数两种意义的集体名词作主语时，与其对应的人称代词的主格、宾格和所有格形式分别为it,it,its和they,them,their:,This committee is/are very proud of its/their achievements,isnt it/arent they
9、?委员会对取得的成就感到自豪，是不是？The public says/say that nobody cares about it/them and its/their problems.公众认为没有人关心他们和他们的问题。,反身代词的一致 1）反身代词应该在人称和数上与它所对应的名词或代词一致：如：You shouldnt always think of yourself.你不应该总为自己着想。The wounded horse could not raise itself from the ground.那批受伤的马无法从地上站起来。,2）当不定代词one 作主语时，与其对应的反身代词形式
10、，在英国英语中为oneself,在美国英语中为himself.如：One should wash oneself/himself regularly.一个人应该经常洗澡。One cant enjoy oneself/himself if one/he is too tired.一个人要是太疲劳就无法开心。,4.3代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律：4.3.1 邻近和靠近原则 由either or,neithernor,not onlybut(also)连接先行词时候，如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致，就用其相应的一直的人称代词；如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致，人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数
11、和性上保持一致。,Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination.If either David or Janet comes,he or she will want a drink.,4.3.2 当no one,everyone,each,everybody,none,anybody,someone,somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候,或者anything,nothing,something,everything
12、等不定代词作主语时候，其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则，采取单数形式。如：,Everybody talked at the top of his voice.None of the boys can do it,can he?Everything is ready,isnt it?,4.3.3 当主语为复数形式，后跟each作同位语时，如果each位于动词之前，其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式；如果 each位于动词之后，其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。如：They each have two coats.we are each responsible for his own famil
13、y.,Exercise Four,1.The number of registered participants in this years marathon was half _.A.of last years B.those of last years C.of those of last year D.that of last years,2.Anthropologists(A)investigate the customs of(B)different groups of people,particularly(C)that in(D)isolated areas.,答案,1.D 报名参加今年马拉松赛的人数是去年的一半.2.Cthose 人类学家对不同群体的人的习俗进行调查研究,尤其是对那些住在与世隔绝的地区的人.,
