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1、2、细胞的结构与功能及微生物分类,Structure and Function of Cell and Classification of Microorganism,21 微生物细胞化学组成,六大元素:碳、氢、氧、氮、硫和磷(无论什么生物，都含有这些元素)，对于单分子生物，这六大类元素可以占到整个生物的100%，如蛋白类。而在细胞生物体中，这六类元素的总量大约占干物质的9097 大量元素（macroelements or macronutrients）还有钾、钙、镁、铁等。微量元素：钼、锌、锰、硼、钴、碘、镍、钒等,微生物细胞中几种常量元素的含量,微生物细胞中几种常量元素的含量,22 微生物
2、分类,Microbial TaxonomyMicroorganisms are tremendously diverse in size,shape,physiology,and lifestyle.,General Introduction and Overview,consists of three separate but interrelated parts:Classification is the arrangement of organisms into groups or taxa(s.,taxon)based on mutual similarity or evolution
3、ary relatedness.Nomenclture is the branch of taxonomy concerned with the assignmennt of names to taxonomic groups in agreement with published rules.Identification is the practical side of taxonomy,the process of determining that a particular isolated belongs to a recognized taxon.,Universal Phylogen
4、etic Tree,生物,非细胞生物,原核生物Procaryote,真核生物Eucarya,23 原核生物的大小形状,Size,Shape,and ArrangementProcaryotic Cell Organization,Figure 2.1 Representative Bacteria,Unusually Shaped Bacteria,(a)放线菌.(b)肺炎枝原体.(c)螺原体属.(d)生丝微菌属.(e)Walsbys 方形细菌.(f)含铁嘉氏铁柄杆菌,24 细菌,Morphology of a Gram-Positive Bacterium.,Table 3.1 Functi
5、ons of Procaryotic Structures,Plasma membrane Selectively permeable barrier,mechanical boundary of cell.nutrient and waste transport,location of many metabolic processes(respiration,photosynthesis).detection of environmental cues for chemotaxisGas vacuole Buoyancy for floating in aquatic environment
6、sRibosomes Protein synthesisInclusion bodies Storage of carbon,phosphate,and other substancesNucleoid Localization of genetic material(DNA)Periplasmic space Contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing and uptakeCell wall Gives bacteria shape and protection from lysis in
7、dilute solutionsCapsules and slime layers Resistance to phagocytosis adherence to surfacesFimbriae and pili Attachment to surfaces,bacterial matingFlagella MovementEndospore Survival under harsh environmental Conditions,2.2.1 The Nucleoid,核区,(nuclear region or area)核质体(nuclear body)原核(prokaryon)拟核(n
8、ucleoid)核基因组(genome)染色质体（chromatin body)是指原核生物所特有的无核膜结构、无固定形态的原始细胞核，,核区,一般每个细胞含核区14个。在快速生长的细菌中，核区DNA可占细胞总体积的20。拟核与间体（mesosome）或质膜（plasma membrane）有联系。细菌的核区除在染色体复制的短时间内呈双倍体外，一般均为单倍体，有些也具有线状的DNA染色体。对完全除掉膜的拟核分析发现它是由重量占60%DNA,30%RNA和10%蛋白质组成。,核区,planctomycetes的两个属的拟核区有膜包被，Pireltula具有单层膜包被核区，形成pirellalos
9、ome，其中含有纤维状的拟核和类似核糖体的颗粒。Gemmata obscuriglobus的核区被双膜包被。一些细菌在染色质之外还含有质粒。,223 The Cytoplasmic Matrix,223.1 Inclusion Bodies223.2 Ribosomes,A Cross Section of Bacterium Escherichia coli,222 Procaryotic Cell Membranes,Internal Membrane Systems,internal membrane systems,2.2.5 The Procaryotic Cell Wall,2.2
10、.5.1 Peptidoglycan Structure,Gram-Positive Cell Walls,Teichoic Acid Structure.,Gram-Negative Cell Walls,Lipopolysaccharide Structure,Figure 3.31 Flagellar Distribution.,The UItrastructure of Gram-Negative Flagella.,The UItrastructure of Bacterial Flagella,Growth of Flagellar Filaments,Flagellar Moti
11、lity,鞭毛运动的机理,Figure 4.1 Representative Examples of Eucaryotic Microorganisms.(a)Paramecium as seen with interference-contrast microscopy(115).(b)Mixed diatom frustules(100).(c)Penicillium colonies,and(d)a microscopic view of the molds hyphae and conidia(220).(e)Stentor The ciliated protozoa are exte
12、nded and actively feeding,dark-field microscopy(100)(f)Amanita muscaria,a large poisonous mushroom(5).,Eucaryotic Cell Ultrastructure,Functions of Eucaryofic Organelles,微管结构,微管结构,Golgi Apparatus Structure,Lysosome Structure,Formation,and Function.,Lysosome Structure,Formation,and Function,Membrane F
13、low in the Vacuome,Proteasome Degradation of Proteins,Chloroplast Structure,The Nucleus,The Eucaryotic Cell Cycle,Coordination of Ciliary Activity,Cilia and Flagella Structure,Comparison of Procaryotic and Eucaryotic Cell structure.,Table 4.2 Comparison of Procaryotic and Euearyotic Cells,Table 4.2 Comparison of Procaryotic and Euearyotic Cells,
