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1、一、冠 词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：1.指一类人或事，相当于a kind of 如：A plane is a machine that can fly.2.第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3.表示“每一”相当于every，one如：We study eight hours a day.4.表示“相同”相当于the same如：We are nearly of an age.5.用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you whe
2、n you were out. That boy is rather a Lei Feng.6.用于固定词组中a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7.用于quite, rather, many, half, what, 之后 such+a/an+ 形容词 This room is rather a big one. 8.用于very之前She is a very clever girl. 用于so+ 形容词 + a/an She is so clever a girl.9 .a 用
3、在以辅音音素开头的单词前。如There is a b in the word book. 单词book中有个字母b。 类似的字母还有：c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y, z。 She has a small knife. 她有一把小刀。 10.an 用于以元音音素开头的单词前。如： There is an i in the word onion. 单词onion中有个字母i。 类似的字母还有：a, e, f, h, l, m, n, o, r, s, x。 Do you have an umbrella? 你有一把雨伞吗？ 3.以元音字母开头的单词前面不一定
4、都用an；以辅音字母开头的单词前面也不一定都用a。如： a useful book a universe a one-letter word an hour an uncle an umbrella an honest person II. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door?4用于乐器前面play the violin, p
5、lay the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的
6、某个年代in the 1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假
7、日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night冠词练习1. Han Meimei is _ Chinese girl. Lucy is _ Engli
8、sh girl. A. a; a B. an; an C. a; an D. an; a2.A little boy wrote_ U and_ n on the wall. A. a; an B. an; a C. an; an D. a; a3 _ old lady in brown is_ universityprofessor. A. An; a B. An; / C. The; an D. The; a4 There are sixty minutes in_ hour.A. an B. the C. a D. /5 This is _ interesting book and it
9、 is also _ useful one. A. an; an B. an; the C. ah; a D. a; a6 A computer is useful tool in world today. A. an; the B. a; the C. the; the D. a; a7. We have never seen _ interesting film. A. such B. such an C. so D. such a8. Mrs. Smith is _ friend of _ A. the; mine B. a; me C. the; my D. a; mine9. He
10、is _ boy. A. a seven-years-old B. an eight-year-old C. the seven-year-old D. an eight-year-older10. Father saw_ accident in the street yesterday. A. the B. a C. an D. /11.Mr Li is old worker.A a B. an C. some D. /12.English is useful language in world.A.an, the B.a, the C.the, / D./,the13.What inter
11、esting book it is?A a B.an C.the D./14.He will be back in hour.A / B.the C.a D.an15.There is map in the classroom.map is on the wall.A. a, A B.the, TheC. a, The D. the ,A16.Look at picture! Theres house in it.A.a ,a B.the, the C.a, the D.the, a17.There is orange in the bottle.A.a B.an C.the D. /18.B
12、eijing is capital of our country.A.the B.an C. / D. a19. If you work hard at English, youll get “A” in the test.A.an B./ C.the D.a20.He usually goes to school on foot.A.a B .an C.the D. /二、代词一）、人称代词表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词，叫做人称代词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表:人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyo
13、uyou第三人称hehimtheythemsheheritit人称代词主格：作主语，表示谁怎么样了、干什么了。I am a teacher. You are student. He is a student, too. We/You/They are students.人称代词宾格作宾语，表示动作行为的对象。Give it to me. Lets go (lets =let us)二）、物主代词表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种，其人称和数的变化见下表。数人称类别单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性物主
14、代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs汉语我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他（她、它）们的41.形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用，作前置定语，用在名词前。 例1)Thisismybook. 这是我的书。2)Weloveourmotherland. 我们热爱我们的祖国。2.名词性物主代词起名词的作用。名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词例:1)Lookatthetwopencils.Theredoneisyoursandtheblueoneismine.=Theredoneisyourpenci
15、landtheblueoneismypencil. 看那两支铅笔，红的是你的，蓝的是我的。 2)Helikesmypen.Hedoesntlikehers.=Hedoesntlikeherpen.他喜欢我的钢笔。不喜欢她的。 3.注意：在使用名词性物主代词时，必须有特定的语言环境，也就是要省略的名词。例：Itshers. 是她的。 （单独使用大家不知是怎么回事，不可以这样用） Thereisabook.Itshers. 那有本书。是她的。 （先提及，大家才明白） 4.名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词 为避免重复使用名词，有时可用“名词性物主代词”来代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”的形式。
16、例： Mybagisyellow，herbagisred，hisbagisblueandyourbagispink. 物主代词为避免重复使用bag，可写成Mybagisyellow，hersisred，hisisblueandyoursispink. 5.名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的-s属格结构。 例如： Jackscap意为ThecapisJacks. Hiscap意为Thecapishis. 人称代词和物主代词练习1Please give the book to _.AI Bme Cmy Dmine2. This is _.A. a picture of familyB.
17、 a picture of my familyC. a familys picture D. a family of my picture3. _ Li Pings brother. A. Her B. His C. Hes D. Shes4.Let _have a meeting . A. me B. you C. us D. me5.We find _difficult to deal with this problem. A.that B.it C.this D.us6.Mr brown taught _physics last term. A.we B. us C.our D. our
18、s7.Im old enough to wash_clothes by myself. You can also wash _ A. my , your B. mine , your C. my, yours D. your, my 8. John never shows_his homework. A.their B.them C. they D.thiers9. Where does your grandma live? She lives with_. A.us B.we C.my D.you10. Whose cat is this ? Is it yours? Is it a whi
19、te _?Acats Bone ConesDcats11. Is she your aunt? Yes, _. A. shes B. her is C. she is D. he is12. Are _ coats yours?Yes, they are .A. theyB. theseC. this D. there13. Is that _ uncle? No, it isnt A. he B. she C. her D. hers14. Whats that ?_ a jeep.AitsBIts CItsDits15Is this _ book?Ayou BI Cshe Dyour16I
20、ts a bird. _ name is Polly.AIts BIts CHis DIt17. She gave the erasers to Lucy and _ . A. I B. me C. my D. mine18. She is a student, _ name is Julia. A. its B. her C. hers D. his19. Could you help _ with _ English, please.A. I, my B. me, me C. me, my D. my, I20. A friend of _ came here yesterday.A. m
21、y B. his C. him D. himself21. _ pencil-box is beautiful. But _ is more beautiful than _.A. Toms, my, he B. Toms, mine, his C. Toms, mine, him D. Toms, my, his22. Most of _like Chinese food.A. they B. their C. them D. theirs23. Dont you let _ help you ? A. I and my friend B. my friend and IC. my frie
22、nd and me D. my friend and I to24. How hard_ works! A. we B. him C. he D. his 25. _ have been chosen.A. I, you and he B. He, you and I C. You, he and I D. You,and me三）.反身代词one的反身代词为oneself数单数复数人称第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词Iyouhe/she/itweyouthey反身代词myselfyourselfhimself/herself/itselfourselvesyourse
23、lvesthemselves四）.指示代词1.英语中的指示代词主要有 this (这个), that (那个), these (这些), those (那些)，其中this和that为单数，these和those为复数；this和these为近指，that和those为远指。指示代词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语。如： This house is very interesting. 这座房子很在趣。 Do you know that man? 你认识那个人吗? These are apples. Those are oranges. 这些是苹果，那些是橘子。 2. 使用指示代词应注意的几点
24、(1) 回指上文提到的事情时，通常用 that；要指下文叙述的事情，通常用 this。如： He is very foolish, and that is why none of us like him. 他很蠢，这就是我们都不喜欢他的原因。 You must understand this Its very not easy. 你必须明白这一点，那并不容易。 (2) 在打电话时，通常用 this 指自己，用 that 指对方。如： Hello. This is Alice. Is that Jack? 喂，我是艾丽丝，你是杰克吗? (3) 为避免重复，有时可用 that 和 those 来代
25、替前面已提到过的事物。如： My seat is next to that of the headmaster. 我的座位在校长座位旁边。 The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox. 兔子的耳朵比狐狸的耳朵长。 上面第一句中的 that 代替 the seat，第二句的 those 代替 the ears。五）.疑问代词1. 基本用法英语中的疑问代词主要有 what, which, who, whom, whose，其中，what一般指物，有时也可用来问人的身份；who, whom, whose 一般指人；which 既可用来问人又
26、可用来问物。如：What have you been doing? 你一直在干什么?Who invented the steam engine? 谁发明了蒸气机?Which of you has made the most mistakes? 你们当中谁错得最多?【说明】特殊疑问句的词序通常为“疑问词+一般疑问句”，但若疑问词直接用作主语，则其词序为“疑问词+谓语+其他成分”。 2. which 与 whatwhich 通常指在一个比较小或比较明确的范围内选择，其后可接表示特定范围的of短语；what通常指在一个比较宽泛或不明确的范围内选择，其后可接表示特定范围的of短语，但可接表示“其他”意
27、义的else。如：What dresses do you prefer? 你喜欢什么样的衣服？What else do you want? 你还要别的什么？ Which of these two dresses do you prefer? 这两套衣服你喜欢哪一套?反身代词、指示代词和疑问代词的练习1.I cant repair the model ship_. Can you help_ ?A.me; me B. myself ;myself C .myself ;me D. me ; myself2.The book on the shelf is _. She wrote _name o
28、n its cover_ .A.Hers; her; herself B.Her; hers; herself C.Herself; her; hers D.Her; herself; herself3.The Wright brothers made the flyer all by_.A.they B.theirs C.them D.themselves4.You can not finish the work _. Let _ help you.A. youself, me B. yourself, mine C. youselves, me D. yourself, me5. The
29、days in winter are shorter than _ in summer. A. those B. that C. these D. them6.-_skirt do you prefer? The white one. A.What B.Which C.Whose D.How 7._book is this? Its mine. A.Who B.Whose C.Which D.What 六）.不定代词不定代词指的是all, each, every, both, either, neither, none, little,a little, few, a few, many, m
30、uch, other, another, some, any, no,以及由some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词。1.some，any(1)some多用于肯定句，修饰复数可数名词和不可数名词，作“一些”解。它还可修饰单数可数名词， 作“某一”解。如：Can you give me some paper ? 你可以给我一些纸吗？ (2)any通常用于否定句、疑问句或条件句，修饰单数或复数可数名词以及不可数名词。Ifthereareanynewmagazinesinthelibrary,takesomeforme.图书馆如果来了新杂志,替我借几本。Arethereanystam
31、psinthedrawer?抽屉里有邮票吗？ (3)any还可以用于肯定句，作“任何的”解，后面接单数名词。Youcancomehereanytime.你什么时候来都行。Youcangetitatanyshop.你可以在任何一家商店买到它。练习 1.You have _friends here, do you? A.some B.few C.little D.many2.either，both，all(1)either表示“两者中的任何一个”。，后面谓语动词用单数。either or 表示不是就是.，谓语用就近原则。 Eitherofthebrothersisselfish.两兄弟都非常自私。
32、 Eitherwilldo.两个都行。(2)both“两个都”，修饰可数名词，统指两者，谓语动词用复数。both and,表示两者都，谓语用复数。相当于not only but also, 但后者谓语用就近原则。 TomandJackbothmadesomeprogress.汤姆和杰克两个都有所进步。 Bothofthemshouldmakeconcessions.他们双方都应做出让步。(3)all“全部，所有的”，修饰可数名词和不可数名词，指两个以上的人或物。 Allthestudentscontributedtothefund. 所有的学生都为基金会捐了款。 Allofthemoneyha
33、sbeenspent.钱都花完了。3.no，neither，none(1)no“不”，可修饰单数和复数可数名词以及不可数名词。 Therearenocloudsinthesky.天上没有云。 Ihavenomoneyforsuchthings.我没钱买这些东西。(2)neither“两者中哪个都不”，其所指范围是两个人或物，谓语动词用单数。与both是对应的。neither nor 两者都不，谓语用就近原则，与both and对应。 Neitheransweriscorrect.两个答案都不对。 Neitherofthetwocountriesissatisfiedwiththeresulto
34、fthetalk.两个国家都不满意会谈的结果。(3)none“没有一个人或东西”，它既可指可数名词，又可指不可数名词。其所指范围是两个以上的人或物。与all是对应的。 Allofthetreeswerecutdown,andnonewas/wereleft.所有的树都被砍了，一棵也不剩。 Noneofthestudentsfailedtheexamination.没有一个学生考试不及格。 Noneofthismoneyishis.这笔钱没有一点儿是他的。练习1. _of the two engineers shows great interest in talking about online
35、-games. A.all B.neither C.both D.none 2.There are many new buildings on_side of Huaihai Road. What a beautiful view!A.either B.both C.neither D.all3._of my parents went to the theatre because _of them were too busy to go. A.All, none B.Both, neither C.None, all D.Neither, both4. Ive got four differe
36、nt answers to the questions, but_of them is correct.A.all B.neither C.both D.none5.I havent bought the shoes, because I like _the style _the colour. A.both, and B.either, or C.neither, nor D.not only, but also6.Since you have got only one ticket, _you_Tom can attend the lecture. A.both, and B.neithe
37、r, nor C.either, or D.not only, but also7.Though Alice and Jane are my good friends. _of them is allowed to read my diary. A.all B.neither C.both D.none8._of us answered the phone, for we were all in the yard. A. Either B. Neither C. All D. None9.Walking along the streets, you can see many beautiful
38、 flowers on _ side of the street. A. every B. all C. both D. either10.Walking along the streets, you can see many beautiful flowers on _ sides of the street. A. every B. all C. both D. either11.I have two TV sets, but _ of them is in good condition. A. both B. none C. neither D. every12. _ Kathy _ A
39、lice _ at home last Sunday.A. Neither. nor were B. Both. and wasC. Either. or. was D. Not only but also were 4.few,afew，little,alittle(1)few的意思是“没有几个”,表示否定意义。afew的意思是“少数”，“几个”,表示肯定意义.两者都是修饰可数名词, Theproblemissodifficultthatfewpeoplecansolveit.这个问题太难了，几乎没人能做出来。Afewofthemwanttogo.他们中有几个人想去。(2)little“没有
40、多少”，表示否定意义。alittle“少量”， 表示肯定意义。两者都是修饰不可数名词。Thereislittlerainthisspring.今年春季雨水很少。练习1.In the exam, the more careful you are , the _mistakes youll make.A.little B.fewerC.less D.few2.Im getting fatter and fatter. What should I do?Youd better eat _food and take _exercise.A.less,less B.more, more C.more,
41、less D.less, more3.-Shall we have_beer? -Sure, but only_ Aany, a little B. a few, a little C. little, a few D. some, a little 4. There arent many oranges here, but you can take _ if you want to. A. few B. a few C. a little D. little5.At the top of the high mountains, there is very _oxygen in the air
42、. A.a littleB.a fewC.littleD.few6.The detective opened the window_in order to watch the suspect. A.fewB.a fewC. littleD.a little7.There is _ ink in my pen. Would you give me _? A. little a little B. a little little C. few a few D. a few few5.another，other，theother，others，theothers(1)another指同类中三个或三个以上中的“另一个”（即on
