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1、Part Eight,一、句子的向左扩展与向右扩展,2.汉语句子的向左扩展（left-extension）原因1）汉语中的定语（词、词组）几乎都是前置的，位于中心词之前，而且有时定语部分会比较长，造成了句子的向左扩展例：今天，驾驶新型波音767和757客机的驾驶员借助新的激光陀螺仪进行操作。Today pilots flying the new Boeing 767 and 757 air-craft navigate with the aid of new laser gyroscopes.,中华人民共和国宪法明确规定，“妇女在政治的、经济的、文化的、社会的和家庭生活等方各方面享有同男子平等
2、的权利”。The Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China clearly stipulates,“Women enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres of life,political,economic,cultural and social,including family life.”,昨天下午在办公室与她谈话的那个人已经被解聘了。The man who had a talk with her in the office yesterday afternoon has been dismiss
3、ed.,2)汉民族习惯于先对事情发生的背景进行铺垫，从侧面说明，阐述外围环境，最后点出话语的中心信息。A.时间、地点这些状语成分放在句首例：今天上午八点到十二点，新同学在物理实验室工作。The new students were working at the physics laboratory from 8 to 12 this morning.,昨天晚上七点半在剧院门口，我遇到了我多年未见的中学同学。I met with my middle school classmate at the entrance of the theater at 7:30 yesterday evening,w
4、hom I havent seen for years.,B.原因、条件、让步等状语成分的前置例：去年秋天，我接到全国总工会的邀请，到背景参加国庆节庆祝活动。I went to Beijing last Autumn to attend the National Day celebrations at the invention of All-China Federation of Trade Union.,如果机器发生故障，就把电门关上。Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.我们虽然看不到空气，但却能感觉到
5、它。We can feel the air,although we can not see it.在英语译文中，主从句的位置是可以互换的，但汉语原文的主从顺序是不可颠倒的。,3.变换结构模式的对策和方法1）英译汉A.在可能的情况下，把后置定语（短语、从句）前移，符合汉语向左扩展的句式特点例：There are various kinds of waves invisible to the naked eye in the aerospace.太空中有各种各样肉眼看不见的波。Nobody in any sector,public or private,should offer benefits
6、unless for a good reason.不管是在私营还是在公共部门，若无正当理由，任何人都不得提供优惠。,However,I think that any thoughtful scholar who takes the trouble to go through the source notes at the end of this volume will find that the essential facts of the story which I have told come from written diaries,memoranda and memories.然而，我
7、想任何一位认真阅读书后面材料来源注释的细心学者都会发现，我所讲述的历史的基本事实来源于书面日记、备忘录和回忆录。,B.状语的前置例：It was better in case they were captured.要是把他们捉到了，那就更好了。He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her.为了不惊醒她，他轻轻地推开了房门，悄悄地溜了出去。,2）汉译英对汉语复句中出现的多个动词进行逻辑分析，分出主次，在翻译成英语时，主句用限定动词，分句用V-ing短语表达，实现
8、向右扩展。限定动词（finite verb）：限定动词又叫谓语动词，在句中充当谓语，在人称和数上必须和主语保持一致，同时还表现出时态、语态和语气的变化。非限定动词（non-finite verb）：非限定动词又称为动词非限定式,指没有人称、数或时的限制的形式。包括分词、动名词、不定式。,例：太阳风使地球磁场的形状发生变化，将它向外牵扯，扯出一条长尾。The solar wind distorts the earths magnetic field,dragging it out to a long tail.位高权重的人总是在思考谁升迁，谁下野，而忘记那些民众，是靠他们的辛勤劳作我们才能位居高
9、位。Powerful people worry endlessly about who is up and who is down,forgetting those people whose toil and sweat send us here.,二、主语显著与主题显著,1.英语的主语显著（subject prominence）主语显著：语言的核心句型是主语+谓语构成的框架。主语在句子中不可或缺。1）主语的特点：A.所有英语陈述句和疑问句都必须有主语,名词做主语：例：A gun killed John.不定式做主语：例：To leave or stay is a question hard
10、to answer.动名词做主语：例：Learning English grammar is by no means easy.句子做主语：例：Why he left wasnt important.说不出行为者，用it做主语：例：It has been three years since he joined the army.,B.主语是谓语描述的对象，位置在句首，在句中占据重要的位置例：The Chinese love peace.What to buy for dinner is not decided yet.It is no using telling him not to worr
11、y.,C.主语决定动词的数，也决定谓语动词其它的形态变化（SV）例：Both you and I are students.One of those students has passed the examination.we dont play basketball after school。,D.除名词外的其他词类做主语，必须通过构词的变化而成名词。例：Happiness will not fall from the heaven.The old mans taking pity on the snake leads to his death.,D.句中各成分排列顺序也依其与主语的关系疏密
12、程度而决定。主语+行为+行为客体+行为标记+行为环境例：They treated his friend badly at the party that day.The villagers didnt realize how serious the pollution was until the fish in the river died.,2）主语的类型1）施事主语：表示句子中谓语动词动作行为发出者的词充当的主语就是施事主语 例：We caught a thief.2）受事主语：主语是谓语动词所表示的行为被动者 例：The glass was broken by Tom.3）形式主语例：It
13、 is not easy to learn English well.4）主题主语例：The book is very interesting.,“it”做形式主语的功能：A.使英语句子形态完整B.使句子保持平衡，避免头重脚轻如果出现较长的短语或从句来充当主语，用“it”做形式主语。例：It is not easy to learn English well.To learn English well is not easy.（example 4 and 5 on page 115）,非人称主语（inanimate subject）无生命事物的名词作主语的句子，在英语中称之为非人称主语或无生命
14、主语，使之拟人化，表达简练而生动，而且更符合英语的习惯。（1）用表示抽象概念、内心感觉、事物名称或时间地点的名词做主语,例：Darkness released him from his last restraints.Years later,financial difficulty forced my high school close its doors for good.The forty-years,1840-1880,brought almost ten million migrants to America.,(2)“it”做形式主语例：It never occur to me th
15、at she was so dishonest.我从来没有想过她这么不老实。However,it is generally accepted among psychologist that most of us fail to do justice to ourselves.然而，心理学家们普遍认为，我们绝大多数人没有发挥自己的潜力。,2.汉语的主题显著（topic prominence）“主题显著”的语言则是指句子的基本结构是信息单位话题和评说的语言，因此句子常常表现为“话题一评论”框架。例：香蕉我很爱吃。这件事我现在脑子里一点印象都没有。生物伦理学我是门外汉。拖了多年得不到解决的难题，他们
16、终于在会上解决了。,3.翻译中主语问题的处理手段1）汉译英（1）主语的增补A.对表示自然现象的句子的主语增补例：下雨了 Its raining.出太阳了。The sun is rising.花开了。The flower is blooming.,B.如果句子是关于人身体或心理上的感受，汉语多用“把字句”和“得字句”。当这种造成这种感受的外因不清楚时，会出现无主语句，英译时需增补主语例：冷死我了。Im dead cold.累得我走不动了。I am too tired to walk on.气得那些农民直跺脚。It sent the peasants into a fit of rage.,有时，
17、也可增补it做主语例：把小女孩吓得哭了起来。The little girl was scared to tear.It scared the little girl to tears.,C.泛指人称句（劝告、警告、行为指示、对社会现象的描述和评论），增补具有泛指意义的人称代词和名词例：只有慎之又慎，才能避免犯不必要的错误。Being very careful,you can avoid making unnecessary mistakes.,弄得不好，就会前功尽弃。If things are not properly handled,our labour will be totally lo
18、st.只要知道电压和电流就能确定电阻。Knowing the voltage and current,you can determine the resistance.,D.格言警句，大多数不用主语用意义相同或相似的英语或成语来翻译例：棋逢对手 Diamond cut diamond.爱屋及乌 Love me,love my dog 有其父必有其子 Like father,like son.,意译，增补主语：例：活到老，学到老 Its never too old to learn.三思而后行 Look before you leap.不经一事不长一智 Wisdom comes from experience.闻其歌知其鸟，听其言知其人。A bird is known by its note,and a man by his talk.,同仇敌忾。A common danger causes common action.饥不择食。A good appetite is a good sauce.有钱能使鬼推磨。All things are obedient to money.,
